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American Journal of Water Resources. 2017, 5(1), 5-12
DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-5-1-2
Open AccessReview Article

Occurrence, Detection and Defluoridation of Fresh Waters

Bhavtosh Sharma1, , Prashant Singh2, Rajendra Dobhal3, V.K. Saini4, Manju Sundriyal1, Shashank Sharma5 and S.K. Khanna1

1Uttarakahnd Science Education & Research Centre (USERC), Dehradun – 248006, Uttarakhand, India

2Department of Chemistry, DAV Post Graduate College, Dehradun – 248001, Uttarakhand, India

3Uttarakhand Council for Science & Technology, Vigyan Dham, Jhajhara, – 248 007, Uttarakhand, India

4School of Environment & Natural Resources (SENR), Doon University, Kedarpur, Dehradun- 248 001, Uttarakhand, India

5Department of Chemistry, JMIETI (Kurukshetra University), Radaur– 135133, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India

Pub. Date: January 14, 2017
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Cite this paper:
Bhavtosh Sharma, Prashant Singh, Rajendra Dobhal, V.K. Saini, Manju Sundriyal, Shashank Sharma and S.K. Khanna. Occurrence, Detection and Defluoridation of Fresh Waters. American Journal of Water Resources. 2017; 5(1):5-12. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-5-1-2

Abstract

The fluoride is an essential nutrient for human beings which occur in the surface as well as in groundwater. In surface water, it reaches due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources but in groundwater, it mainly comes from geogenic sources. Authorities like World Health Organization (WHO), United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and Bureau of India Standard (BIS) have provided guidelines regarding the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. A higher fluoride concentration in drinking water results in fluorosis. Therefore, the understanding of fluoride occurrence, its detection and removal from drinkable water is the urgent requirement. The chemical behavior of fluoride, the reasons for fluoride concentration in groundwater, the fluoride detection methods, and some case studies on the occurrence of fluoride in fresh water bodies of Uttarakhand are summarized. The effectiveness of different techniques for removal of fluoride from water samples has been reviewed.

Keywords:
fluoride freshwater detection methods Uttarakhand India defluoridation material

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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