"Study of the Measurement of Environmental Estrogen Level from DrinkingWater in Dhaka City" - A Cross Sectional Study

Hasi Rani Saha¹, Moumita Tasnim², Mohammad Shahinur Karim³, Erjan Aziz Khan⁴, Md. Asad-uz-zaman⁵, Md. Nasim Sarkar⁶, Amatur Mahbub⁷ and Bidhan Chandra Sarkar^8,

¹Dr. Hasi Rani Saha, Associate Professor, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

²Moumita Tasnim , Lecturer, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

³Mohammad Shahinur Karim3, Graduate student, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Banglades

⁴Erjan Aziz Khan, Graduate student, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

⁵Md.Asad-uz-zaman, Graduate student, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

⁶Md.Nasim Sarkar, Graduate student, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

⁷Amatur Mahbub, Graduate student, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

⁸Dr.Bidhan Chandra Sarkar, Associate Professor, Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Primeasia University, 12, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

Cite this paper:
Hasi Rani Saha, Moumita Tasnim, Mohammad Shahinur Karim, Erjan Aziz Khan, Md. Asad-uz-zaman, Md. Nasim Sarkar, Amatur Mahbub and Bidhan Chandra Sarkar. "Study of the Measurement of Environmental Estrogen Level from DrinkingWater in Dhaka City" - A Cross Sectional Study. American Journal of Water Resources. 2024; 12(4):134-138. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-12-4-3

Abstract

Environmental pollutants appearing in waste water, bottled mineral water, tap water, and bottled drinking water are potential, but yet poorly characterized, sources of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) globally. Here, we have investigated the level of environmental oestrogen in drinking water (filter/bottle and jar drinking water) in the most densely populated region in Dhaka city. We draw attention in drinking water to the potential risk of intensive modern agriculture and waste disposal systems on oestrogen release levels and their effects on human health. Influent and effluent bimonthly samples were taken at two distinct times throughout the previous and current years (2023 and 2024) from a major water treatment plant (WASA) in Dhaka city. In addition to tap water (direct supply from WASA) from households, different brands of bottled (mineral water), filter drinking water, and jar drinking water were also examined, as were equivalent samples from a household water purification facility situated in the same region. Samples were collected in sterile, one-litre containers, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the samples' oestrogenic potential. To address this knowledge gap, this study measured the environmental oestrogen level in tap drinking water (jar-container) and bottle drinking water (mineral). Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to determine concentrations of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2). The highest concentrations were measured in samples taken from the Jar drinking water at 20.0 ng/L, and the lowest were 3.02 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (3.0–20.0 ng/L) varied somewhat between locations and sampling periods (p < 0.00); however, patterns were not consistent. The EE2 concentrations measured in the filter water and bottle water were all undefined values (mostly below 0.01 ng/L), which created difficulties in interpretation due to problems associated with trying to measure such low concentrations with confidence. In this study, we found the higher level of environmental oestrogen in Jar drinking water in this region.

Keywords:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals environmental estrogen level drinking water tap water mineral water (bottle water) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Marty, S.,. Introduction to "screening for endocrine activity-experiences with the US EPA’s endocrine disruptor screening program and future considerations". Birth Defects Res. Part B Dev. Reproductive Toxicol, 101 (1), 1–2. 2014.
[2]	Varticovski, L., Stavreva, D.A., McGowan, A., Raziuddin, R., Hager, G.L.,. Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, 5 39. 2022.
[3]	Adeel, M., Song, X., Wang, Y., Francis, D., Yang, Y.,. Environmental impact of estrogens on human, animal and plant life: a critical review.Environ. Int, 99, 107–119. 2017.
[4]	Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., et al. "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental Science & Technology (2002).
[5]	Chebbi, M., Beltifa, A., Alibi, S., Di Bella, G., Loturco, V., Sire, O., Ben Mansour, H., Le Tilly, V.,. Estrogenic hazards of short chain phthalates and bisphenols found in cosmetic products. Int. J. Environ. Health Res, 2022. 32 (2), 252–263.
[6]	Kumar, A.K., Sarma, P.N., Mohan, S.R.V.,. Incidence of selected endocrine disrupting estrogens in water bodies of Hyderabad and its relation to water quality parameters. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15 (2), 315–325. 2016.
[7]	Tapiero, H., Ba, G.N., Tew, K.D.,. Estrogens and environmental estrogens. Editions ´ scientifiques et m´edicales, 56, 36–44. 2002.
[8]	Hamblen, E.L., Cronin, M.T.D., Schultz, T.W.,. Estrogenicity and acute toxicity of selected anilines using a recombinant yeast assay.Chemosphere, 52(7), 1173–1181.2003.
[9]	Bhandari, R. K., Deem, S. L., Holliday, D. K., Jandegian, C. M., Kassotis, C. D., Nagel, S. C., ... & Tillitt, D. E. "Effects of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol on reproductive and endocrine parameters in captive zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(7), 1561-1570. 2015.
[10]	Vieira, W.T., de Farias, M.B., Spaolonzi, M.P., da Silva, M.G.C., Adeodato Vieira, M.G.,. Endocrine-disrupting compounds: occurrence, detection methods, effects and promising treatment pathways—a critical review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng, 9 (1), 104558. 2021.
[11]	Ma, Y., Shen, W., Tang, T., Li, Z., Dai, R.,. Environmental estrogens in surface water and their interaction with microalgae: a review. Sci. Total Environ, 807 (Pt 1), 150637. 2022.
[12]	Zhao, X., Grimes, K.L., Colosi, L.M., Lung, W.-S.,. Attenuation, transport, and management of estrogens: a review. Chemosphere, 230, 462–478. 2019.
[13]	Campbell, C.G., Borglin, S.E., Green, F.B., Grayson, A., Wozei, E., Stringfellow, W.T.,. Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water: a review. Chemosphere, 65 (8), 1265–1280. 2006.
[14]	Ternes TA. Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Res, 32(11):3245-3260.1998.
[15]	Metcalfe CD, Metcalfe TL, Kiparissis Y, et al. Estrogenic potency of chemicals detected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with Japanese medaka (Oryziaslatipes). Environ Toxicol Chem, 20(2):297-308. 2001.
[16]	Aris, A.Z., Shamsuddin, A.S., Praveena, S.M.,. Occurrence of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and effect on exposed biota: a review. Environ. Int, 69, 104–119. 2014.
[17]	Vosges, M., Braguer, J.C., Combarnous, Y.,. Long-term exposure of male rats to lowdoseethinylestradiol (EE2) in drinking water: effects on ponderal growth and on litter size of their progeny. Reprod. Toxicol, 25, 161–168. 2008.
[18]	Thompson, K.A.,. Ethinyl estradiol. Journal of Clinical Endorcrinology& Metabolism, 8 (12), 1088–1098. 1948.
[19]	Christensen, F.M.,. Pharmaceuticals in the environment—a human risk? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol, 28, 212–221. 1998.
[20]	Jobling S, Tyler CR. Endocrine disruption in wild freshwater fish. Pure Appl Chem, 75(11-12): 2219-2234. 2003.
[21]	Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, et al. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol, 36(6):1202-1211. 2002.
[22]	Yuan, S.F., Liu, Z.H., Lian, H.X., Yang, C.T., Lin, Q., Yin, H., Lin, Z., Dang, Z.,. Fast trace determination of nine odorant and estrogenic chloro- and bromo-phenolic compounds in real water samples through automated solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int, 25 (4), 3813–3822. 2018.
[23]	Länge R, Hutchinson TH, Croudace CP, Siegmund F, Schweinfurth H, Hampe P, Panter GH, Sumpter JP. Effects of the synthetic estrogen 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol on the life-cycle of the fathead minnow (Pimephalespromelas). Environ Toxicol Chem, 20(6):1216-27. 2001.
[24]	Shrestha, S.L., Casey, F.X., Hakk, H., Smith, D.J., Padmanabhan, G.,. Fate and transformation of an estrogen conjugate and its metabolites in agricultural soils. Environ. Sci. Technol, 46, 11047–11053. 2012.
[25]	Xuan, R., Blassengale, A.A., Wang, Q.,. Degradation of estrogenic hormones in a silt loam soil. J. Agric. Food Chem, 56, 9152–9158. 2008.
[26]	Arnon, S., Dahan, O., Elhanany, S., Cohen, K., Pankratov, I., Gross, A., Ronen, Z., Baram, S., Shore, L.S.,. Transport of testosterone and estrogen from dairy-farm waste lagoons to groundwater. Environ. Sci, Technol. 42, 5521–5526. 2008.