Changes in the Physico-Chemical Properties as Pollution Indicators in the Chari River Water Samples Along the Banda Township at Sarh-Chad

Hassane Mansour^{1, 2,} , Jean Marie Dikdim Dangwang³, Theophile Maoudombaye⁴, Yoradji Nadjilom⁴, Albert Ngakou² and Guy Bertrand Noumi³

¹Department of Environment, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences and the Environment, University of Sarh, Chad

²Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon

⁴Department of biology, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, University of Moundou, Moundou, Chad

Cite this paper:
Hassane Mansour, Jean Marie Dikdim Dangwang, Theophile Maoudombaye, Yoradji Nadjilom, Albert Ngakou and Guy Bertrand Noumi. Changes in the Physico-Chemical Properties as Pollution Indicators in the Chari River Water Samples Along the Banda Township at Sarh-Chad. American Journal of Water Resources. 2024; 12(2):62-70. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-12-2-4

Abstract

Water as essential for life is considered everywhere as a fundamental and indispensable element of natural resources. The aim of the present study was to physico-chemically assess the properties of water from Chari river along the Banda township in the Middle-Chari region in Chad. Water samples were taken from five different sites (ChS1-ChS5) along the Chari river during the dry (February) and wet (July) seasons of 2023. The studied parameters were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, Total Disolved Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Suspended Materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulfate that were compared between sampling sites. In situ analyses revealed a significant variation in temperature between sampling sites, ranging from between 26.01-28.52°C in the dry and 29.6-33.13°C in the wet seasons. Whereas the electrical conductivity was comprised between 53.8 and 146.63 μS/cm, the Total Disolved Solids varied from between 28.87 and 73.47 mg/L. The pH values remained within the maximum limits set by Chad's National Drinking Water Standards (6.5-8.5), except for station ChS1, where a slightly acidic pH was observed. In the dry season, water quality was safe for COD, except for site ChS5, based on the SEQ-water classification. Apart from the sampling site ChS1 that was contaminated with nitrate in the wet season, water from all the other sites was not at risk for nitrate concentration. During the dry season, the concentrations in nitrite at sites ChS1, ChS3 and ChS4 were above the WHO (2002) norm, which is 0.1 mg.L^-1, thus were at risk as drinking water. The registered turbidity values were positively correlated to SM in the dry season, but were largely above the acceptable limits for drinking water which is set to 5 NTU. The physico-chemical pollution of water from Chari river was mostly originated from agricultural, industrial and urban activities. Although the risk levels quality of studied water parameters were revealed weak for some, it seems important to set up a monitoring system to reduce the water pollution attributed to the above physico-chemical properties of the Chari river.

Keywords:
water pollution Chari river physico-chemical properties Chad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

References:

[1]	Bello, O.O., Mabekoje, O.S., Egberongbe, H.O. and Bello, T.K., 2012. Microbial Qualities of Swimming Pools in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2(8): 89-96.
[2]	Nehme N., 2014. Assessment of water quality in the lower basin of the Litani river, Lebanon: environmental approach. France, University of Lorraine, 359p.
[3]	Ashton P., Seetal A., 2002. Challenge of water resource management in Africa. Rebirth of Science in Africa. pp.133-148.
[4]	Sauvage S., 2009. Mulpti-polluting transfer in surface water: Role of hydromorphological and physicochemical parameters, University of Liege, Scientific and Technical Institut of Lisbonne, 20p.
[5]	OECD, 2012. Water governance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A multi-level approach. 150p.
[6]	MAE, 1994. Proceedings of the seminar on fishing in Chad from May 31 to june 1 1994, N’Djamena Chad, 43p.
[7]	Ngaram N., 2011. Contribution to the analytical study of pollutants (in particular heavy metals) in the Chari river water as it passes through the city of N’Djamena. Analytical Chemistry. Claude Bernard University-Lyon I. 166p.
[8]	Kayalto B., 2009. Contribution to the assessment of heavy metal contamination of Lake Chad sediments in three fish species. DEA Dissertation, University of Ngaoundere, 82p.
[9]	Maoudombaye, T., Ndoutamia, G., Ali, M.S., Ngakou, A., 2015. Comparative study of the physico-chemical quality of water from wells, boreholes and rivers consumed at Doba oil shed in Chad. Larhyss Journal, 24: 193‐208.
[10]	Evens E., 2004. Assessment of health and ecotoxicological risks associated with hospital effluents. Thesis INSA, Lyon, France. 246p.
[11]	Maoudombaye T., 2017. Evaluation of the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water resources consumed at Doba oil shed in Chad. Doctorate thesis Ph.D, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.156p.
[12]	Priso R. J., Oum G. O., Din N., 2012. Using macrophytes as the water quality descriptors of the Kondi river in the city of Douala (Cameroon, central Africa), Journal of Applied Biosciences, 53: 3797-3811.
[13]	Rodier J., Legube B., Merlet N., 2009. Water analysis (9è edn). Dunod: Paris. 1526p.
[14]	Chapman D., Kimstach V., 1996. Selection of water quality variables. Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring, Chapman edition, 2nd ed. E and FN Spon, London, pp. 59-126.
[15]	Leynaud G., 1968. Thermal pollution, influence of temperature on aquatic life. B.T.I. The Minister of Agriculture, pp. 224-881.
[16]	WHO, 2011. Guidlines for drinking-water quality. Fourth édition, Genève, Suisse, 564 p.
[17]	Tfeil H., Mahfoudh M.M., Baba A.M.M., Ahmed A., Lemhaba Y., Abdellahi M.V.H., 2018. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Surface Water and Study of the Ichthyological Diversity of Some Continental Wetlands in Mauritania. European Scientific Journal, 14(6): 83.
[18]	Mbilou U. G., Martin T., Médard N. M., 2016. Study of the physico-chemical composition of the water of the Congolese shed, Republic of Congo. Ivorian Journal of Science and Technology, 28: 1-12.
[19]	Keumean K.N., Bamba S.B., Soro G., Metongo B.S., Soro N., Biemi J., 2013. Spatio-temporal evolution of the physico-chemical quality of water in the Comoe River estuary (South-eastern Ivory Coast). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(4): 1752-1766.
[20]	Makhoukh M., Sbaa M. Berrahou A., Clooster V.M., 2011. Contribution to the physico-chemical study of surface water of Oued Moulorya; Moroco. Larhyss Journal, 9: 149-169.
[21]	Akil A., Hassan T., Fatima El.H., 2014. Study of the physicochemical and metal contamination of surface water of the Bassin versant of Guigou, Moroco. European Scientific Journal, 10(23): 84-94.
[22]	SEQ-water, 2003. Evaluation guide for river water quality assessment system (SEQ-water)-MEDD & Water Agencies 40p.
[23]	Azzaoui, S. 1999. Heavy metal of the basin versant of Sebou, geochemistry source of pollution and impact of the quality of surface water. Ph.D. thesis, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morroco, 130p.
[24]	Tfeila M.M., M.O.S.A. Ouled K., ouabi S., Aboulhassan M.A., Taleb A., Bouezmarni M., 2016. Monitoring the physicochemical quality of water from the Senegal River: Case of the Beni Nadji catchment supplying drinking water to the wilayas of Nouakchott. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science., 7(1): 148-160.
[25]	WHO (2002). Quantification of certain mojor risks to health. Report in the world- repany Risk and promote healthy living. U.N. Geneve, World Health Organization: pp. 51-104.
[26]	Iounes N., Mohamed K., Souad El A., 2016. Physico-chemical characterization and biological analysis of Oued Daliya surface water, Morocco. Afrique Science, 12(4): 256-270.
[27]	Rodier J., 1984. Water analysis: Natural water, wastewater, sea water. Bordas Edition. Paris, 1365p.
[28]	Hebert S., Legare S., 2000. Monitoring of water quality in rivers and small streams. 24p.
[29]	Neal A., Griffin M., Hart P., 2000. The impact of organizational climate on Safety climate and individual behavior. Safety Science, 34: 99-109.
[30]	Arlot M. P., 1999. Nitrates in water: actor drainage, control drainage? University Thesis, University Paris 6, 446p.
[31]	Meybeck M., Friedrich, G., Thomas, R., Chapman, D. Rivers, 1996. Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring, Chapman edition, 2nd ed. E & FN Spon, London, pp. 56-126.
[32]	Abboudi A., Tabyaoui H., El Hamichi F., Benaabidate L., Lahrach A., 2014. Study of the physico- chemical quality and metallic contamination of waters of the Guigou catchment area Morocco. European Scientific Journal, (10)23: 84-94.
[33]	Hisseien A.Al-T., Kamga R., Mahamat T.N., 2015. Physico-chemical analysis of Logone river water at Moundou City in Southern Chad. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences., 9(3): 1654-1664.
[34]	Barry J. F. Biggs.,1989. Biomonitoring of organic pollution using periphyton, South Branch, Canterbury, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 23(2): 263-274.
[35]	Naoura J., Lahcen B., Kawtar F.B., 2015. Assessment of the water quality of the Inaouene river, northern Morocco. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 10(1): 60-66.
[36]	Houelome T.M.A., Delphine A., Antoine C., Ibrahim I.T., Issaka Y., Laleye P., 2017. Characterization of the physico-chemical quality of the waters of the Alibori River in the cotton basin of Benin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(1): 504-516.
[37]	Powlson, D.S., Addiscott, T.M., Benjamin, N., Cassman, K.G., de Kok, T.M., van Grinsven, H., L’Hirondel, J.L., Avery, A.A. and van Kessel, C., 2008). When does nitrate become a risk for Humans. Journal of Environment Quality, 37(2): 291-295.
[38]	Lalami El-O.A., Merzouki M., El Hillali O., Maniar S., Ibnsouda Koraichi S., 2010. Pollution of surface water of the city of Fes in Morocco: typology, origin and consequences. Larhyss Journal, 09: 55-72.
[39]	Houma F., Belkessa R., Khouider A., Bachari N., Derriche Z., 2004. The characterization of aquatic pollution using correlative analysis of physico-chemical parameters and data from the IRS1C satellite: Application to Oran city, Algeria. Journal of Water Science, 17(4): 428-446.
[40]	Atanle K., Moctar L.B., Kouami K., Gbandi D.B., 2012. Physico-chemical characterization and phytoplankton diversity of the waters of Lake Zowla (Lac Boko), Togo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences., 6(1): 543-558.
[41]	Shroff P, Vashi R T, Champaneri V.A., Patel KK., 2015. Correlation study among water quality parameters of groundwater of valsad district of south gujarat (India). J. Fundam. Journal of Applied Sciences.,7(3): 340-349.