Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Abeokuta North, Nigeria

Temitayo Oluwayinka Falola^1, , Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju Adetoro² and Olufemi Abiola Idowu²

¹Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160 Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U.S.A

²Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria

Cite this paper:
Temitayo Oluwayinka Falola, Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju Adetoro and Olufemi Abiola Idowu. Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Abeokuta North, Nigeria. American Journal of Water Resources. 2021; 9(2):41-48. doi: 10.12691/ajwr-9-2-2

Abstract

Background and Objective: Groundwater (hand-dug wells) is the major source of water for municipal use in the Abeokuta North Local Government of Nigeria. However, there is a tendency for its quality to deviate from recommended standards as most groundwater sources are close to regions prone to erosion and most wells are not usually covered. The adverse effects might creep into the ecosystem and affect human health if a regular check on the quality is not made. Materials and Methods: The geographical location and altitude of the wells’ locations were taken using Global Positioning System (GPS). The sagging of the water drawer’s rope was indicated with a pin, the latter which was used to spot the location. Each instrument employed was inserted into the sample of water as per the procedure. The experiment was carried out at the thirty-six available sites in the region. Results: The moderate pH range (6.30-7.36) can be linked to low values of TDS (352 mg/L) and EC (695 µs/cm). Statistical Pearson correlation analysis shows a clear relationship between parameters at p<0.01 (2-tailed T-test; MSExcel); supported by a linear plot between EC and TDS, and a clustered column chart that compares EC and pH. The overall water quality index (WQI) of the parameters gives an excellent value of 17.20%.

Keywords:
groundwater Abeokuta north global positioning system pH total dissolved solids electrical conductivity world health organization water quality index

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Murray CJ, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RC, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers A, et al. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk. Lancet; 2003. 361(9359): 717-725.
[2]	Adekunle A.A., Badejo A.O., and Oyerinde A.O. 2013. Ion studies on Groundwater Contamination: Water Quality of Abeokuta, Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (paper) ISSN 2225 0948 (online) vol. 3, No.5, 2013.
[3]	Saeed, T.U and D. Khan. 2014. Assessment and conservation of groundwater quality: A challenge for agriculture. Br.J. Applied Sci. Technol. 4: 1256-1272.
[4]	Mahananda H.B, Mahananda M.R, and B.P. Mohanty. 2005. Studies on the Physico-chemical and Biological Parameters of a Fresh Water Pond Ecosystem as an Indicator of Water Pollution. Ecol. Env & Cons. 11(3-4), pp 537-541.
[5]	Frik Schutte. 2006. Development of a handbook for the operation of water treatment works. The water research commission; the water institute of southern Africa. ISBN: 1770054286.
[6]	Annan K.A. 2003. Message on World Environment Day “Water: Two Billion People Are Dying for It!” -– highlights the centrality of water to human survival and sustainable development. World Health Organization secretary-general of the united nations. Press Release SG/SM/8707; OBV/348.
[7]	Damla, N., Cevik, U., Karahan, G., and Kobya, A.I. Gross alpha and beta activities in tap water in eastern black sea region of turkey. 2006. Chemosphere vol. 62(37). p957-960. 2nd edition. Butterworth Publishers, PP. 55-65.
[8]	Jimmy, D.H., Sundufu, A.J., Malanoski, A.P. et al. Water quality associated public health risk in Bo, Sierra Leone. Environ Monit Assess 185, 241-251 (2013).
[9]	Webber JS, Covey JR, King MV. Asbestos in drinking water supplied through grossly deteriorated A-C pipe. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 1989. 81(2):80-85.
[10]	Margherita Ferrante, Salvatore S.S, Santina L.F, Alfina Grasso, Angela Dimartino, Chiara Copat. 2017. Groundwater-based water wells characterization from Guinea Bissau (Western Africa): A risk evaluation for the local population. Elsevier: Sciencedirect.
[11]	Bhatia, S. C. Environmental Pollution and Control in the chemical process industries. 2006. ISBN13: 9788174091062.
[12]	Mohammad Aljaradin, Kenneth M. Persson. Municipal Landfilling Practice and Its Impact on the Water Resources - Jordan, World Environment, 2014. Vol. 4 No. 5, pp. 213-218.
[13]	Danielle K. Hare, Ashley M. Helton, Zachary C. Johnson, John W. Lane, and Martin A. Briggs. 2021. Continental-scale analysis of shallow and deep groundwater contributions to streams; Open access; nature communications 12, article number: 1450 (2021).
[14]	Tyler J.Thompson, Martin A.Briggs, Patrick J.Phillips, Vicki S.Blazer, Kelly L.Smalling, Dana W.Kolpin, Tyler Wagner. 2021. Groundwater discharges as a source of phytoestrogens and other agriculturally derived contaminants to streams. Science direct; science of the total environment; volume 755, part 1: 142873.
[15]	Wei Zhi and Li Li. 2021. The Shallow and Deep Hypothesis: Subsurface Vertical Chemical Contrasts Shape Nitrate Export Patterns from Different Land Uses.
[16]	MacDonald, A.M. and R.C. Calow. 2009. Developing groundwater for secure rural water supplies in Africa Desalination, 248: 546-556.
[17]	Al-Harbi, O.A., G. Hussain, M.M. Khan, M.A. Moallim and I.A. Al-Sagaby. Evaluation of groundwater quality and its recharge by isotopes and solute chemistry in Wadi Malal, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2006, 9: 260-269.
[18]	Oyem, H. H., Oyem, I. M., and Ezenweali, D. 2014. Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Groundwater in Boji-BojiAgbor/Owa Area and Immediate Suburbs. Research Journal of Environmental Science ISSN 1819-3412.
[19]	Tyagi, Shweta, et al. “Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index.” American Journal of Water Resources 1.3 (2013): 34-38.
[20]	Jiri Hulcr, Andrew M. Latimer, Jessica B. Henley, Nina R. Rountree, Noah Fierer, Andrea Lucky, et al. “A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse but Predictable.” PLoS ONE 7 no. 11 (2012): e47712.
[21]	Shahidullah, S.M., M.A. Hakim, M.S. Alam and A.T.M. Shamsuddoha. 2000. Assessment of groundwater quality in a selected area of Bangladesh. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.
[22]	Ahaneku, I.E. and P.A. Adeoye, 2014. Impact of pit latrines on groundwater quality of Fokoslum, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Br. J. Applied Sci. Technol., 4: 440-449.
[23]	Adewole Michael Gbadebo. 2020. Assessment of quality and health risk of peri-urban groundwater supply from selected areas of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Environ Geochem Health. Springer Link.
[24]	Ojekunle Olusheyi Zacchaeus, Mujeeb Balogun Adeyemi, Adeyemi Azeem Adedeji, Kayode Adesina Adegoke, Abdulraheem Okehi Anumah, Adewale Matthew Taiwo, et al. Effects of industrialization on groundwater quality in Shagamu and Ota industrial areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. Elsevier; open access. 2020.
[25]	Srinivas J, Purushotham A.V and Murali Krishna K.V.S.G. Determination of Water Quality Index in Industrial areas of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. ISSN 2319-1414 Vol. 2(5), 37-45, May (2013). www.isca.in.
[26]	Ram, A., Tiwari, S.K., Pandey, H.K. et al. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework. Appl Water Sci 11, 46 (2021).
[27]	Gbenga J. Oladehinde., Lasun M. Olayiwola., Kehinde O. Popoola. 2018. Land accessibility constraints of migrants in rural border settlements of Ogun State, Nigeria. Environmental and socio-economic studies.
[28]	Oladehinde John Gbenga Obafemi., Lasun M. Olayiwola., Kehinde Olayinka Popoola. 2018. Land accessibility constraints of migrants in rural border settlements of Ogun State, Nigeria. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 6(1): 46-56.
[29]	Baloye, D.O. and Palamuleni, L.G. 2016. Modeling a critical infrastructure-driven spatial database for proactive disaster management: A developing country context’, Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8(1), a220. 2016.