[1] | Bean, C.N., Fortier, M., Post, C., & Chima, K. Understanding how organized youth sport may be harming individual players within the family unit: A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(10), 10226-10268, October 2014. |
|
[2] | DiFiori, J.P., Benjamin, H.J., Brenner, J.S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G.L., & Luke, A. Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Br J Sports Med, 48(4), 287-288, February 2014. |
|
[3] | Merkel, D.L. Youth sport: Positive and negative impact on young athletes. Open access journal of sports medicine, 4, 151-160, May 2013. |
|
[4] | Paradiso, D.M. What is the impact of early sport specialization on overall pediatric health and what can be done by health care providers to monitor this growing phenomenon? [dissertation on the internet]. Toledo, OH: The University of Toledo, 2016. Available: http://utdr.utoledo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1635&context=graduate-projects. Accessed on March 29, 2018. |
|
[5] | Kreher, J.B. Diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome: an opinion on education strategies. Open access journal of sports medicine, 7, 115-122, September 2016. |
|
[6] | Caine, D., Purcell, L., & Maffulli, N. The child and adolescent athlete: A review of three potentially serious injuries. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6(1), 22 June 2014. |
|
[7] | Casto, K.V., & Edwards, D.A. Before, During, and After: How Phases of Competition Differentially Affect Testosterone, Cortisol, and Estradiol Levels in Women Athletes. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2(1), 11-25, June 2015. |
|
[8] | Hanton, S., Fletcher, D., & Coughlan, G. Stress in elite sport performers: A comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors. Journal of sports sciences, 23(10), 1129-1141, February 2005. |
|
[9] | Mellalieu, S.D., Neil, R., Hanton, S., & Fletcher, D. Competition stress in sport performers: Stressors experienced in the competition environment. Journal of sports sciences, 27(7), 729-744, May 2009. |
|
[10] | Kristiansen, E. Perception of and coping with organizational and media stress in elite sport: Does the coach matter? Sognsvann Oslo: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 2011. [Online]. Available at file:///C:/Users/eonca/Desktop/CXC%20PP/Kristiansen%202011.pdf. Accessed on March 26, 2018. |
|
[11] | Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D., & Neil, R. A conceptual framework of organizational stressors in sport performers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(4), 545-557. |
|
[12] | Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. A case study of organizational stress in elite sport. Journal of applied sport psychology, 13(2), 207-238. 2001. |
|
[13] | Garcia, C. Conceptualization and measurement of coping during Adolescence: A Review of the literature. Journal of nursing scholarship, 42(2), 166-185, June 2010. |
|
[14] | Szabo, S., Tache, Y., & Somogyi, A. The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: A retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief “letter” to the editor of nature. Stress, 15(5), 472-478, July 2012. |
|
[15] | Tsigos, C., Kyrou, I., Kassi, E., Chrousos, G. P. Stress, endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278995/. Accessed on March 3, 2018. |
|
[16] | Filaire, E., Bernain, X., Sagnol, M., & Lac, G. Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone: Cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team. European journal of applied physiology, 86(2), 179-184. |
|
[17] | Lovallo, W.R., & Buchanan, T.W. Stress hormones in psychophysiological research: Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implications. In G.G. Berntson, J.T. Cacioppo, & L.G. Tassinary (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 465-494, 2016. |
|
[18] | Bornstein, S.R., & Chrousos, G.P. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: Neural and immune inputs. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84(5), 1729-1736. |
|
[19] | Herman, J.P., McKlveen, J.M., Ghosal, S., Kopp, B., Wulsin, A., Makinson, R., . . . Myers, B. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Comprehensive Physiology, 6(2), 603-621. |
|
[20] | Ulrich-Lai, Y.M., & Herman, J.P. Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 10(6), 397-409. |
|
[21] | Pacák, K., & Palkovits, M.S. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocrine Reviews, 22(4), 502-548. August 2001. |
|
[22] | Everly, G.S., & Lating, J.M. The anatomy and physiology of the human stress response. In a clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress response (pp. 17-51). New York, NY: Springer New York. 2013. |
|
[23] | Hare, O.A., Wetherell, M.A., Smith, M.A. State anxiety and cortisol reactivity to skydiving in novice versus experienced skydivers. Physiology & Behavior, 118, 40-44, June 2013. |
|
[24] | Van Paridon, K.N., Timmis, M.A., Nevison, C.M., Bristow, M. The anticipatory stress response to sport competition: A systematic review with meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity. BMJ Open Sport - Exercise Medicine, 3(1), e000261.September 2017. |
|
[25] | Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., Siegel, S.D. Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual review of clinical psychology, 1, 607-628, April 2005. |
|
[26] | Srinivasan, V. Principles of mind-body medicine. Notion Press. February 2017. [E-book]. Available: https://books.google.com.jm/books?id=2fgnDgAAQBAJ. Accessed on March 29, 2018 |
|
[27] | McEwen, B.S., & Gianaros, P.J. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 190-222, February 2010. |
|
[28] | Johnson, E.O., Kamilaris, T.C., Chrousos, G.P., & Gold, P. W. Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 16(2), 115-130, August 1992. |
|
[29] | Hannibal, K.E., & Bishop, M.D. Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: A Psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation. Physical Therapy, 94(12), 1816-1825, December 2014. |
|
[30] | Guilliams, T.G., & Edwards, L. Chronic stress and the HPA axis: Clinical assessment and therapeutic considerations. The review of natural & neutraceutical therapies for clinical practice. The standard, 9(2), 1-12. 2010. |
|
[31] | Ayada, C., Toru, Ü., & Korkut, Y. The relationship of stress and blood pressure effectors. Hippokratia, 19(2), 99-108, April 2015. |
|
[32] | Morey, J.N., Boggero, I.A., Scott, A.B., & Segerstrom, S.C. Current directions in stress and human immune function. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 13-17, October 2015. |
|
[33] | Finsterwald, C., Alberini, C.M. Stress and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms in long-term memory: From adaptive responses to psychopathologies. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 112, 17-29. July 2014. |
|
[34] | Radley, J., Morilak, D., Viau, V., Campeau, S. Chronic stress and brain plasticity: Mechanisms underlying adaptive and maladaptive changes and implications for stress-related CNS disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 58, 79-91. November 2015. |
|
[35] | Barlow D.H., Keane T.M., Marx B.P., Sloan D.M., DePrince A. Trauma, dissociation, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Psychology: Oxford University Press. May 2014. |
|
[36] | Krugers, H. J., Lucassen, P.J., Karst, H., & Joëls, M. Chronic stress effects on hippocampal structure and synaptic function: Relevance for depression and normalization by anti-glucocorticoid treatment. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, 2, 24, July 2010. |
|
[37] | Wirth, M.M. Hormones, stress, and cognition: The effects of glucocorticoids and oxytocin on memory. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 1(2), 177-201, June 2015. |
|
[38] | Joëls, M., & Krugers, H.J. LTP after Stress: Up or down? Neural Plasticity, 93202. January 2007. |
|
[39] | McEwen, B.S., Bowles, N. P., Gray, J. D., Hill, M. N., Hunter, R. G., Karatsoreos, I. N., & Nasca, C. Mechanisms of stress in the brain. Nature neuroscience, 18(10), 1353-1363, September 2015. |
|
[40] | McEwen, B.S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J.D. Stress effects on neuronal structure: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 3-23, June 2015. |
|
[41] | McEwen, B.S. Allostasis and allostatic load: Implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), 108-124, February 2000. |
|
[42] | Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman. S. Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169, September 1987. |
|
[43] | Nicholls, A.R., & Polman, R.C.J. Coping in sport: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 25(1), 11-31, February 2007. |
|
[44] | Sarac, N., Sarac, B., Pedroza, A., & Borchers, J. Epidemiology of mental health conditions in incoming division I collegiate athletes. The Physician and Sports medicine, 46(2), 242-248, January 2018. |
|
[45] | Galigniana, N.M., Ballmer, L.T., Toneatto, J., Erlejman, A.T., Lagadari, M., & Galigniana, M.D. Regulation of the glucocorticoid response to stress‐related disorders by the Hsp90-binding immunophilin FKBP51. Journal of Neurochemistry, 122(1), 4-18, July 2012. |
|
[46] | Palazidou, E. The neurobiology of depression. British Medical Bulletin, 101(1), 127-145, March 2012. |
|
[47] | Sinha, R. How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology, 158(4), 343-359, December 2001. |
|
[48] | Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to Addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 105-130, October 2008. |
|
[49] | Khan, S., & Khan, R.A. Chronic Stress Leads to Anxiety and Depression. Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 5(1), 1091, January 2017. |
|
[50] | Gouttebarge, V., Frings-Dresen, M.H.W., & Sluiter, J.K. Mental and psychosocial health among current and former professional footballers. Occupational Medicine, 65(3), 190-196, April 2015. |
|
[51] | Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P.J., & Stanimirovic, R. The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 255-261, April 2015. |
|
[52] | Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., . . . Toussaint, J.-F. Psychological Balance in High Level Athletes: Gender-Based Differences and Sport-Specific Patterns. PLOS ONE, 6(5), e19007, May 2014. |
|
[53] | Pensgaard, A.M., & Ursin, H. Stress, control, and coping in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 8(3), 183-189, January 2017. |
|
[54] | Siart, B., Nimmerichter, A., Vidotto, C., & Wallner, B. Status, stress and performance in track and field athletes during the European Games in Baku (Azerbaijan). Scientific Reports, 7(1), 6076, July 2017. |
|
[55] | Bassett, S.M., Lupis, S.B., Gianferante, D., Rohleder, N., & Wolf, J.M. Sleep quality but not sleep quantity effects on cortisol responses to acute psychosocial stress. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 18(6), 638-644, September 2015. |
|
[56] | Han, K.S., Kim, L., & Shim, I. Stress and sleep disorder. Experimental Neurobiology, 21(4), 141-150, December 2012. |
|
[57] | Bush, B., & Hudson, T. (2010). The Role of Cortisol in Sleep. Natural Medicine Journal, 2(6), June 2010. [E-Journal]. Available: https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2010-06/role-cortisol-sleep. Accessed March 18,2018. |
|
[58] | Chan, S., Debono, M. Replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: new advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1(3), 129-138, August 2010. |
|
[59] | Kiel, E.J., Hummel, A.C., & Luebbe, A.M. Cortisol secretion and change in sleep problems in early childhood: Moderation by maternal overcontrol. Biological Psychology, 107, 52-60, April 2015. |
|
[60] | Hughes, M. The Importance of sleep for athletes. February 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.premax.co/us/blog/the-importance-of-sleep-for-athletes-. Accessed on April 1, 2018. |
|
[61] | Underwood, J. & White, K. Sleep and recovery: An applicable approach to a lifestyle of recovery and rest for athletes. Life of an Athlete. [Online]. Available: https://www.wm.edu/offices/sportsmedicine/_documents/sleep-manual. Accessed on April 1, 2018. |
|
[62] | Elenkov, I.J., & Chrousos, G.P. Stress hormones, pro-inflammatory and anti -inflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 966(1), 290-303, January 2002. |
|
[63] | Pruett, S.B. Stress and the immune system. Pathophysiology, 9(3), 133-153, May 2003. |
|
[64] | Elenkov, I.J., & Chrousos, G. P. Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 10(9), 359-368, November 1999. |
|
[65] | Padgett, D.A., & Glaser, R. How stress influences the immune response. Trends in Immunology, 24(8), 444-448, August 2003. |
|
[66] | Adamo, S.A. The effects of stress hormones on immune function may be vital for the adaptive reconfiguration of the immune system during fight-or-flight behavior. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 54(3), 419-426, September 2014. |
|
[67] | Liberman, A.C., Druker, J., Perone, M.J., Arzt, E. Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 18(1-2), 45-56, April 2007. |
|
[68] | Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5, 243, March 2005. |
|
[69] | Clow, A., & Hucklebridge, F. The impact of psychological stress on immune function in the athletic population. Exercise Immunology Review. (7), 5-17, 2001. |
|
[70] | Hackney, A.C., Koltun, K.J. The immune system and overtraining in athletes: clinical implications. Acta Clin Croat, 51(4), 633-641, July 2012. |
|
[71] | Simmons, P.S., Miles, J.M., Gerich, J.E., Haymond, M.W. Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic. Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 50(1), 1-4, July 1994. |
|
[72] | Seene, T. Turnover of skeletal muscle contractile proteins in glucocorticoid myopathy. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 50(1), 1-4, July 1994. |
|
[73] | Seene, T., Kaasik, P., Pehme, A., Alev, K., & Riso, E.M. The effect of glucocorticoids on the myosin heavy chain isoforms’ turnover in skeletal muscle. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 86(2), 201-206, August 2003. |
|
[74] | Singh, B., Soodan, J., & Kumar, S. The relationship between creatine kinase and cortisol level of young Indian male athletes. Journal of exercise science and physiotherapy, 10(2), 111, December 2014. |
|
[75] | Peeters, G., Van Schoor, N., Van Rossum, E., Visser, M., & Lips, P. The relationship between cortisol, muscle mass and muscle strength in older persons and the role of genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor. Clinical endocrinology, 69(4), 673-682, September 2008. |
|
[76] | Bailey, J., Irving, R., & Campbell, E. Overview of body metric analysis for junior athletes using ultrasonography and bioelectrical impedance analysis technology. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(1), 1-4, January 2018. |
|