Phytochemical Screening and Anti-anemic Activity of Manihot esculenta Crantz Leaves

Medoatinsa Seindé Espérance^{1, 2,} , Tchogou Pascal¹, Adandonon Gratien¹, Agbogba Félicienne¹ and Senou Maximin¹

¹Experimental and Clinical Biology Unit, Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Laboratory, National School of Applied Biosciences and Biotechnology of Dassa-Zoumé, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Benin

²Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin

Cite this paper:
Medoatinsa Seindé Espérance, Tchogou Pascal, Adandonon Gratien, Agbogba Félicienne and Senou Maximin. Phytochemical Screening and Anti-anemic Activity of Manihot esculenta Crantz Leaves. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2024; 12(2):46-50. doi: 10.12691/ajmsm-12-2-4

Abstract

Background: Manihot esculenta Crantz is a plant species used in the treatment of anaemia in Benin and Africa. The aim of this study was to valorise the flora of Benin by evaluating the antioxidant and antianemic activities of the aqueous macerate of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves after phytochemical screening. Methodology: Phytochemical screening of the plant material was carried out by differential tube staining and precipitation reactions. Total phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the DPPH trapping test was used to assess antioxidant activity. The acute oral toxicity test was performed in vivo in Wistar rats at a dose of 2000 g/kg body weight. Biochemical parameters (serum creatinine, ASAT and ALAT transaminases) and haematological parameters (blood leukocytes) were used to assess this toxicity. Manihot esculenta Crantz, macerated in water, was administered by gavage to anaemic Wistar rats at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight to assess its anti-anaemic activity. Principals findings: The leaves of Manihot esculenta Crantz contain gallic tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, mucilages, anthocyanins, triterpenes and leuco-anthocyanins. The presence of phenolic compounds was confirmed by the content of 10.70±0.082mgEAG/gES obtained after their determination by spectrophotometer. 3.54 mg/mL is the concentration of the aqueous macerate of Manihot esculenta leaves, which was able to scavenge 50% of the DPPH in solution, thus demonstrating its antioxidant potential. No deaths were observed and there were no significant changes in body weight, serum creatinine, transaminases (ALAT and ASAT) or blood leukocyte levels. The Lethal Dose 50 (LD₅₀) of Manihot esculenta leaves is greater than 2000g/kg body weight in rats when taken alone. Aqueous maceration of Manihot esculenta Crantz at a dose of 300 mg/kg was able to correct haemorrhage-induced anaemia from day 7, in contrast to untreated anaemic rats whose anaemia was compensated from day 12. Conclusion: The leaves of Manihot esculenta Crantz are a potential candidate in the search for bioactive molecules with antioxidant and anti-anaemic activities.

Keywords:
Anemia DPPH toxicity Manihot esculenta Wistar rats

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Global Health Metrics. (2019). Anaemia – Level 1 impairment. Lancet. 393 https:// www.healthdata.org/ results/ gbd_summaries/ 2019/anemia-level-1-impairment.
[2]	Organisation mondiale de la Santé, (2020). Rapport annuel OMS Bénin, Web: www.who.int 105pages.
[3]	Balagizi Innocent Kakonja, Sarah Bahizi, Cirimwami Bahaya, Alice Musem. (2017). Etude des facteurs favorisant le recours des patients à la Médecine traditionnelle dans la ville de Bukavu. Cahiers du CERUKI 2412-5873. Volume 53. 78-90.
[4]	Gbenou, J. D., Tossou, R., Dansou, P., Fossou, M., & Moudachirou, M. (2006). Etude des propriétés antianémiques de Justicia secunda Vahl (acanthaceae) chez les rats de souche wistar. Pharm Med Trad Afr, 14, 45-54.
[5]	Médard, S.F., Pascal, T.A., Espérance, M.S., Félicienne, A., Yollande, A., Roxane, K., Ezéchiel, L.J., Alban, H., Amegnona, A., Djimon, G.J., Lamine, B.-M. and Maximin, S. (2023) Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Effectively Treats Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Wistar Rats. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 11, 154-168.
[6]	Sènou, M., Tchogou, A.P., Assogba, F., Agossadou, A., Dougnon, T.V., Agbangnan, D.C.P., Lalèyè, A. and Loko, F. (2017) Study of Biological Tolerance of Aqueous Ex tract of Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 109, 10640-10648.
[7]	Tchogou, A.P., Sènou, M., Dougnon, T.V., Agossadou, A., Assogba, F., Kinsiclou non, E.G., Ewedjè, E., Agbangnan, D.C.P., Gbénou, J., Lalèyè, A. and Loko, F. (2016) The Aqueous Extract of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) Effectively Treat In duced Anemia. Experimental Study on Wistar Rats. International Journal of Biolo gy, 8, 1-9.
[8]	Temesgen Zekarias, Bakalo Basa and Tamirat Herago, (2019). Medicinal, Nutritional and Anti- Nutritional Properties of Cassava (Manihot esculenta): A Review Academic Journal of Nutrition 8 (3): 34-46.
[9]	Bahekar SE, Kale RS. (2015). Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 6:3540).
[10]	HOUNDONOUGBO M. F., CHRYSOSTOME C. A. A. M. et HOUNDONOUGBO V. P., (2012). Performances de ponte et qualité des œufs des poules pondeuses ISA Brown alimentées avec des rations à base de feuilles séchées de manioc (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 6(5): 1950-1959.
[11]	Houghton PJ and Raman (1998). A Laboratory handbook for the fractionation of natural extracts. Chapman et Hall, London, 199p.
[12]	Bruneton J. (2002). Phytothérapie, les données de l’évaluatiojn. Ed. Techniques et Documentation Lavoisier, Paris, 242p.
[13]	Houngbeme AG, Gandonou C, Yehouenou B, Kpoviessi SDS, SohounhloueD, Moudachirou M and Gbaguidi FA. (2014). Phytochemical analysis, toxicity and antibacterial activity of Benin medicinal plants extracts used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections associated with HIV-AIDS. Int J Pharm Sci Res; 5 (5): 1739-1745.
[14]	Kim D.O., Chun O.K., Kim Y.J., Moon H.Y., Lee C.Y. (2003): Quantification of poliphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51(22), 6509-6515.
[15]	Maiga A., Houngnimassoun H.M.A., Attindehou S., Houinato M., Salifou S. (2020): Effet vermicide in vitro de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 1753 sur Haemonchus contortus et Oesophagostomum colombianum parasites gastro-intestinaux des petits ruminants. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, Vol.43 (3): 7501-7512.
[16]	Gandonou Clément D., Tokoudagba Jean-Marie, Houngbèmè Alban G., Chodaton Marthe D., Ahissou Hyacinthe. (2018). Antiradical activity and determination of phenolic compounds of extracts of lippia multiflora (verbenaceae): a plant traditionally used against arterial hypertension in Benin. International journal of current research, 10, (10), 74039-74043.
[17]	OCDE (2001) Ligne directrice de l’OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques toxicité orale aigue-méthode par classe de toxicité aiguë, 14p.
[18]	Agbogba F, Sacramento TI, Tchogou AP, Medoatinsa E, Kanfon ER, Atakpa E, Agbangnan DCP, Loko F, Lalèyè A, Atègbo J-M, Sènou M, Sèzan A, (2019). The aqueous extract of the root bark of Psorospermum febrifugum Spach effectively corrects anaemia. Experimental study on Wistar rats. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 139: 14137 – 14146.
[19]	Tchogou AP, Sènou M, Lokonon JE, Agbogba F, Medoatinsa SE, Abissi GY, Loko F, (2021). Safety of the butanol fraction of Cocos nucifera roots aqueous extract in vivo. J. Appl. Biosci. 158: 16282 – 16288.
[20]	Mohammad Shaheen Khan, Samina Khan Yusufzai, Lawrance Kimin, Noor Adzianni Nabila Binti Jab (2018). Determination of Chemical Composition, Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Various Crude Extracts of Manihot esculenta Crantz Leaves. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology; Volume 6 Issue IV.
[21]	Scaria, S. S., Balasubramanian, B., Meyyazhagan, A., Gangwar, J., Jaison, J. P., Kurian, J. T., Pushparaj, K., Pappuswamy, M., Park, S., & Joseph, K. S. (2024). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Apotential source of phytochemicals, food and nutrition—An updated review. eFood, 5(1), e127.
[22]	Dah-Nouvlessounon D, Adoukonou-Sagbadja H, Diarrassouba N, Sina H, Adjonohoun A, Inoussa M, Akakpo D, Gbenou JD, Kotchoni SO, Dicko MH, Baba-Moussa L (2015). Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of Cola nitida bark. Biochem. Res. Int. 1-12.
[23]	A. Al-Rofaai, W.A. Rahman, S.F. Sulaiman, Z.S. Yahaya, (2012). In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) on susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Veterinary Parasitology, Volume 190, Issues 1–2, Pages 127-135.
[24]	Emile Ndongo Ipona, Bienvenu Mvingu Kamalandua, Thiery Mawete Dani, Blaise Mbala Mavinga, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Jean Paul Ngbolua, Doudou Batumbo Boloweti, Thouthou Bonganga Lituli, Carlos Kabengele Nkongolo, Clément Inkoto Liyongo, Taba Kalulu, (2023). Screening phytochimique, activités anti-radicalaire et cytotoxique des extraits de quatre plantes utilisées dans la prise en charge de la dysfonction érectile à Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo J. Appl. Biosci. Vol: 185.
[25]	Gismondi, G. dimarCo, L. Canuti and a. Canini (2017). Antiradical activity of phenolic metabolites extracted from grapes of white and red Vitis vinifera L. cultivars Vitis 56, 19–26.
[26]	Violeta Popovici, Laura Bucur, Cerasela Elena Gîrd, Antoanela Popescu, Elena Matei, Georgeta Camelia Cozaru, Verginica Schröder, Emma Adriana Ozon, Ancut,a Catalina Fit, Dumitru Lupuliasa, Mariana Aschie, Aureliana Caraiane, Mihaela Botnarciuc and Victoria Badea (2022). Phenolic Secondary Metabolites and Antiradical and Antibacterial Activities of Different Extracts of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg from Calimani Mountains, Romania Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 829.