Journals A-Z
All Subjects
Free Journals
sciepub.com
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
ISSN (Print): 2327-6681 ISSN (Online): 2327-6657 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/ajmsm Editor-in-chief: Apply for this position
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Issue 1, Volume 12
Article Metrics
  • 3601
    Views
  • 5647
    Saves
  • 0
    Citations
  • 5
    Likes
Export Article
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2024, 12(1), 1-15
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-12-1-1
Open AccessArticle

Possible Protective Roles of Poinciana (Delonix regia) Seeds Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Biochemical and Histological Disorders in Rat Liver

Yousif A. Elhassaneen1, , Seham A. Khader1, Mai A. Gharib1 and Yasmine E. Abd-ElAziz1

1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

Pub. Date: March 10, 2024
View Full Text Full Text PDF (644 KB) Full Text ePUB(1239 KB)

Cite this paper:
Yousif A. Elhassaneen, Seham A. Khader, Mai A. Gharib and Yasmine E. Abd-ElAziz. Possible Protective Roles of Poinciana (Delonix regia) Seeds Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Biochemical and Histological Disorders in Rat Liver. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2024; 12(1):1-15. doi: 10.12691/ajmsm-12-1-1

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the possible protective roles of poinciana (Delonix regia) seeds powder (DRSP) against carbon tetrachloride-induced biochemical and histological disorders in rat liver. Also, minerals, bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity of the DRSP will be in the scope of this investigation. Proximate chemical composition of DRSP indicated that carbohydrates was the largest compound (50.49 ± 0.91 g.100g-1) followed by crude fat (16.91 ± 1.06 g.100g-1), crude fiber (13.73 ± 3.27 g.100g-1), total protein (9.04 ± 0.43 g.100g-1) and ash (1.25 ± 0.19 g.100g-1). Also, DRSP is rich in different estimated minerals and the trend of the abundance in decreasing order is as follows Na> Zn> Fe> Mn>Cu>K>Mg>P>Ca>Se. Bioactive compounds content in DRSP indicated that indicated that polysaccharides were the largest compound followed by polyphenols, saponin, oxalate, tannin, carotenoids, and kaempherol. DRSP exhibited good antioxidant activity which compares well with the standard antioxidants. On the other side, biological experiments indicated that Injected of normal rats carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, (model control) exhibited significantly (p≤0.05) decreased in body weight (BW, --48.35%), feed intake (FI, -34.31%) and feed efficiency ratio (FER,- -32.88%) compared to the normal group. However, intervention with DRSP (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/100g diet) in feeding rats for 4 weeks led to significantly (p≤0.05) decrease on theses parameters of the hepatoytoxic rats (model control) by different rates. Also, Intervention with DRSP in feeding rats led to significantly (p≤0.05) enhancing in the serum lipid profile parameters, minimizing the liver functions and positively manipulates the CCl4-related histopathological changes in liver of the hepatotoxic rats. These findings provide a basis for the use of DRSP for the prevention and treatment of hepatotoxicity. Data also supports the benefits of diet modification and DRSP supplementation in alleviating disorders associated with liver chemical pollutants, including CCl4.

Keywords:
minerals bioactive compounds antioxidant activity liver functions serum lipid profile serum total protein albumin

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Lee, C.H., Park, S.W., Kim, Y.S., Kang, S.S., Kim, J.A., Lee, S.H. & Lee, S.M. (2007). Protective mechanism of glycyrrhizin on acute live injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30, 1898–1904.
 
[2]  Elhassaneen, Y. (1996). Chemical and technological studies on the pollution of environment with pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
 
[3]  Kebamo, S., Shibiru, T. & Bekesho, G. (2015). The Role of Biotransformation in Drug Discovery and Development, J Drug MetabToxicol., 5, 1-13.
 
[4]  Sayed-Ahmed, S., Shehata, N. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2020). Potential Protective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Powder against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Disorders in rats: Biological, Biochemical and Immunological Studies, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of Egypt
 
[5]  Yu, G., Nizhenkovska, I.V. & Korda, M.M. (2020). Biological and Bioorganic Chemistry: in 2 books. Book 2. Biological Chemistry; edited by Yu.Gubsky, I.V.Nizhenkovska. Kyiv: AUS Medicine Publishing, 544 p.
 
[6]  Elhassaneen, Y., Abd El-Rahman, A. & El-Samouny, S. (2021). Potential Protective Effects of Cauliflower Leaves and Prickly Pear Fruits Skin on Liver Disorders Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Journal of Home Economics,), 19-42.
 
[7]  Lawrence, S. F. & Emmet, B. K. (2012). Handbook of Liver Disease, 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
 
[8]  Kumar, V., Kato, N. & Urabe, Y. (2011).Genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for HCV- induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet 43, 455-458.
 
[9]  Mahran, M. Z. & Elhassaneen, Y. A. (2023). A Study of the Physical, Chemical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Properties of Wild Silybum marianum L. Seeds Oil to Investigate Its Potential Use to Boost Edible Oil Self-Sufficiency in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 44 (1), 81-91.
 
[10]  Krishnan, S. (2019). Liver diseases- An Overview". . 8(1), 1385-1395.
 
[11]  Asrani, S.K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J. & Kamath, P.S. (2019). Burden of liver diseases in the world. J Hepatol.70(1), 151-171.
 
[12]  Martin, L.M., Sheridan, M.J. & Younossi, Z.M. (2002).The impact of liver disease on health-related quality of life: A review of the literature. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 4, 79–83.
 
[13]  El-Sayed, M., El- Sherif, F., Elhassaneen, Y. & Abd El-Rahman, A. (2012). Potential Therapeutic Effects of some Egyptian Plant Parts on Hepatic Toxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Life Sci. J., 9(4), 3747-3755 [ISSN: 1097-8135] [] 556.
 
[14]  El-Sayed, M., El-Sherif, F., Elhassaneen, Y. & Elbanna, S. (2013). Phytochemicals in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and their effects on liver damage initiation by carbon tetrachloride. Journal of Home Economics, 23(2), 89-103 [https://mkas.journals.ekb.eg/?lang=en] [ISSN 1110-2578].
 
[15]  Elhassaneen, Y., Ragab, S., Khater, O. & Fati, G. (2016). Functional foods extracts applied in breads ameliorate liver disorders induced by CCl4 in rats. Journal of Home Economics, 26 (4), 31-49. [https://mkas.journals.ekb.eg/?lang=en] [ISSN 1110-2578].
 
[16]  Elhassaneen, Y., El-Dashlouty, M., El-Eskafy, A. & El-Gamal, N. (2016). The Potential Protection Effects of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) Feeding Against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 11(2), 1-13. [ISSN: 1816-272X ; ].
 
[17]  Elhassaneen, Y., Elkamisy, A., Sayed, R. & Hamza, R. (2021). The bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activities of some plant parts formulae distributed in Egyptian local markets. Port Saied Specific Research Journal (PSSRJ), 14 (2), 585-608.
 
[18]  Elhassaneen, Y., Abd El-Rahman, A. & El-Samouny, S. (2021). Potential Protective Effects of Cauliflower Leaves and Prickly Pear Fruits Skin on Liver Disorders Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Journal of Home Economics, ), 19-42.
 
[19]  Abd Elalal, N., Elsemelawy, S. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2022). Potential Effects of Wild Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Seed Extract Intervention on Oxidative Stress Induced by Busulfan Drug in Different Organs of Rats. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 8(3), 19-34.
 
[20]  Elhassaneen, Y. A., Gadallah, H. M. & Nasef, A. Z. (2023). Brown Algae (Sargassum Subrepandum) from Egypt Exhibited High Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Constituent's Content: A Biological Application on Obesity and its Complications in Experimental Rats. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 9 (4), 441-461.
 
[21]  Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants. 3, International Book Distributors Book Sellers and Publishers, Deheradun.
 
[22]  Halim, V. A., Eschen-Lippold, L., Altmann, S., Birschwilks, M., Scheel, D. & Rosahl, S. (2007). Salicylic acid is important for basal defense of Solanum tuberosum against Phytophthora infestans. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20, 1346–1352.
 
[23]  Ode, O.J.,Saka, S. & Oladele, G.M. (2011). The global relevance of traditional medicine and herbal plants, the Nigerian perspective . International Journals of Applied Biol Pharm Technology, 2, 280-9.
 
[24]  Amata, I.A. & Nwagu, K.M. (2013). Comparative evaluation of the nutrient profile of the seeds of four selected tropical plants and maize, Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Tech, 4, 200–204.
 
[25]  Bake, G. G., Martins, E.L. & Sadiku, S.O.E. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of varying levels of cooked flamboyant seed meal (Delonix regia) on the growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings, Agric., Forest. Fish., (3), 233–239.
 
[26]  AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis 16th Ed. Association of official analytical chemists. Washington DC, USA.
 
[27]  Singh, K., Sundarro, K., Tinkerame, J., Kaluwin, C. & Matsuoka, T. (1991). Lipid content fatty acid anid mineral composition of Mud Crabs (Seylla serrata) from Papua new Guinea. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 4 (3), 276 – 280.
 
[28]  Singleton, V. & Rossi, J. (1965). Colorimetry of Total Phenolic Compounds with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
 
[29]  Wolfe, K., Wu, X. & Liu, R.H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem. (51), 609–614.
 
[30]  Litchenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148, 350-383.
 
[31]  Van-Burden, T.P. & Robinson, W.C. (1981). Fonnation of complexes between protein and tannic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1, 77.
 
[32]  Harbome, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques qf plant analysis. Published by Chapman & Hall, an imprint of Thornson Science, London SE18HN, UK, 88-185.
 
[33]  Fenwick, D.E. & 0akenfuI1, D. (1981). Saponin content offood plants and some prepared foods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 34, 186-191.
 
[34]  Oke, O.L. (1966). Chemical Studies of Some Nigerian Vegetables. ExperimentalAgriculture.1(2), 125-129.
 
[35]  Fouda, W., Wael, M., Ibrahim, A., Ellamie1, M. & Gamal, R. (2019). Biochemical and mineral compositions of six brown seaweeds collected from Red Sea at Hurghada Coast. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences. 48 (04), 484-491.
 
[36]  Vazirian, M., Dianat, S., Manayi, A., Ziari, R., Mousazadeh, A., Emran, H., Saeidnia, S. & Amanzadeh, Y. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effect, total polysaccharide, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of three basidiomycetes. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy 1, 13-19.
 
[37]  Marco, G.J. (1968). A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 45, 594-598.
 
[38]  Reeves, P., , F. & , G. (1993). AIN-93 Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents: Final Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet. , 123(11), 1939-1951.
 
[39]  Jayasekhar, P., Mohan, P.V. & Rahinam, K. (1997). Hepatoprotective activity of ethylacetate extract of Acacia catechu. Indian. J. of Pharmacology, 29, 426-428.
 
[40]  NRC, National Research Council (1996). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Washington: National Academy Press. Obtained from hypertensive-diabetes rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 10, 329–336.
 
[41]  Chapman, D.G., Castilla, R. & Champbell, J.A. (1959). Evaluation of protein in food. I.A. Method for the determination of protein efficiency ratio. Can. J. Biochemistry Physiology, 37, 679-686.
 
[42]  Stroev, & Makarova, (1989). Textbook of clinical chemistry, Carl A. Burtis, 3rd ed., WB Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.
 
[43]  Yound, D. S. (1975). Determination of GOT. Clin. Chem., 22 (5), 21-27.
 
[44]  Tietz, N.W. (1976). Fundamental of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 243.
 
[45]  Vassault, A., Grafmeyer, D., Graeve, J., Cohen, R., Beaudonnet, A. & Bienvenu, J. (1999). Quality specifications and allowable standards for validation of methods used in clinical biochemistry. , 57(6), 685-95.
 
[46]  Zheng, K., Wu, L., He, Z., Yang, B. & Yang, Y. (2017). Measurement of the total protein in serum by biuret method with uncertainty evaluation, , 11, 16-21.
 
[47]  Vanessa, G., Nana, B., Maria, D., Belen, L., Sara, G. & Eloy, F. (2018). Overestimation of Albumin Measured by Bromocresol Green vs Bromocresol Purple Method: Influence of Acute-Phase Globulins. Laboratory Medicine, 49 (4), 355–361.
 
[48]  Fossati, P. & Prencipe, L. (1982). Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin. Chem., (28), 2077–2080.
 
[49]  Richmond, W. (1973). "Preparation and Properties of a Cholesterol Oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its Application to the Enzy-matic Assay of Total Cholesterol in Serum. Clinical Chemistry, 19, 1350-1356.
 
[50]  Lopes-Virella, M.F., Stone, P., Ellis, S. & Colwell, J.A. (1977). Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem. 23(5), 882-884.
 
[51]  Islam, S.M.T., Osa-Andrews, B., Jones, P.M., Muthukumar, A.R., Hashim, I. & Cao, J. (2022). Methods of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Measurement: Analytical and Clinical Applications. EJIFCC. 12(4), 282-294.
 
[52]  Carleton, H. (1978). Histological Techniques, 4th Ed., London, Oxford, New York, Tornoto.
 
[53]  Snedecor, G.W. & Cochran, W.G. (1967). Statistical Methods, Sixth Edition. Lowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
 
[54]  Oyedeji, O. A., Azeezb, L.A. & Osifadea, B.G. (2017). Chemical and Nutritional Compositions of Flame of Forest (Delonix regia) Seeds and Seed Oil. S. Afr. J. Chem., 70, 16–20.
 
[55]  Azeez, L., Adeoye, M.D., Ganiyu, O.T., Abdulsalami, I.O., Majolagbe, T.A. & Lawal, A.T. ( 2012). Influence of microbial contamination on the antioxidant composition and freeradical scavenging effects of fresh and decaying spices, Fountain J. Nat. App. Sci., (1), 55–64.
 
[56]  Fagbohun, E.D., Egbebi, A.O. & Lawal, O.U. (2012). Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and in-vitro antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 13, 28–33.
 
[57]  Gunawan, S ., Darmawan, R ., Nanda, M., Setiawan, A.M. & Fansuri, H. (2013). Proximate composition of Xylocarpus moluccensis seeds and their oils, Ind. Crops Prod. 41, 107–112.
 
[58]  Coimbra, M.C. & Jorge, N. (2011). Proximate composition of guariroba (Syagrus oleracea), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) palm fruits, Food Res. Int., , 44, 2139–2142.
 
[59]  Bogden, J.D. & Klevay, L. M. (2000). Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals: The Guide for Health Professionals (Nutrition and Health). Humana Press, Publisher ‏by Springer; First Edition. (415), . ISBN-10‏:0896035980.
 
[60]  Forrest, H.N. (2000). Importance of making dietary recommendations for elements designated as nutritionally beneficial, pharmacologically beneficial, or conditioinally essentia. In: Special Issue:Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease: An Update, The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 13 (1), 113-129.
 
[61]  Lipinski, B. (2005). Rationale for the treatment of cancer with sodium selenite, Medical Hypotheses, 64 (4), 806-810.
 
[62]  Osredkar, J. & Sustar, N. (2011). Copper and zinc, biological role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. J. Clinic Toxicol. S. S3:001.
 
[63]  Nazanin, R., , & (2013). Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. 18(2), 144-157.
 
[64]  Nazanin, A., & (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. 19(2),164-174.
 
[65]  Daiana, S., Robson, L. & Mchael, A. (2013). Manganese in Health and Disease. Met. Ions Life Sci . 13, 199-227.
 
[66]  Danks, D. (1988). Copper deficiency in humans. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 8(1), 235-257.
 
[67]  Julia, B., Carlos, H. & A brief study of the role of Selenium as antioxidant. 7(7), 3151-3155.
 
[68]  Zhou, J. & Han, D. (2006). Proximate, amino acid and mineral composition of pupae of the silkworm Antheraea pernyi in China, J. Food Comp. Anal., 19, 850–853.
 
[69]  Cockell, K.A., L’Abbe, M.R. & Belonje, B. (2002). The concentrations and ratio of dietary calcium and phosphorus influence development of nephrocalcinosis in female rats, J. Nutr. 132, 252–256.
 
[70]  Helen, F. (2003). Brown marine algae: A survey of therapeutic potentials. Alternative & complementary therapies. February, 29-33.
 
[71]  Bixler, H. & Porse, A. (2011). decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry J. Appl. Phycol. 23, 321-335.
 
[72]  Fitton, J. H., Irhimeh, M. R. & Teas, J. (2008). 14 Marine Algae and Polysaccharides with Therapeutic Applications, Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, CRC Press, 345p.
 
[73]  Nagaoka, M., Shibata, H., Kimura-Takagi, I., Hashimoto, S., Aiyama, R., Ueyama, S. & Yokokura, T. (2000). Anti-ulcer effects and biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae. Biofactors.12(1-4), 267-74.
 
[74]  El-Gamal, N. T. (2020). Studies on the antioxidant activities of brown algae and their effects on obesity and osteoporosis in rats". Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
 
[75]  Elhassaneen, Y., , S. & , E. (2020). Chemical and nutritional studies on extracts of food processing by-products and their effects on obesity complications in rats. Journal of Home Economics, ), 1-26.
 
[76]  Elhassaneen, Y., & (2021). Potential Effect of Milk Thistle on Liver Disorders Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride. Journal of Home Economics, ), 83-93.
 
[77]  Abd Elalal, N., El Seedy, G. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2021). Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds Content and Biological Activities of the Brown Alga (Sargassum Subrepandum) Collected from the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 42, (4), pp. 893-906.
 
[78]  Ito, K. & Tsuchida, Y. (1972). The effect of algal polysaccharides on depressing of plasma cholesterol level in rats. Proceedings of the7th International Seaweed Symposium, 451–455.
 
[79]  Burtin, P. (2003). Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 2, 498–503.
 
[80]  Masao, T. (2008). Mechanism of calcium oxalate renal stone formation and renal tubular cell injury. International J. of Urology, ), 115-120.
 
[81]  Elhassaneen, Y.A. & Sanad, M.I. (2009). Phenolics, Selenium, Vitamin C, Amino Acids and Pungency Levels and Antioxidant Activities of Two Egyptian Onion Varieties. American J. of Food Technology 4(6), 241-254".
 
[82]  Elhassaneen, Y., Safaa, A., Naglaa, F. E. & Sarah, S. A. (2016). Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Food Industry By-products in Egypt. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 4 (1), 1-7.
 
[83]  Elhassaneen, Y.,, S.,, S. & , M. (2019). Effect of Some Plant Parts Powder on Obesity Complications of Obese Rats. Journal of Home Economics, ), 83-106.
 
[84]  Gharib, M., Radwan, H. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2022). Nutrients and Nutraceuticals Content and In Vitro Biological Activities of Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Fruiting Bodies. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 43, (2), 301-316.
 
[85]  Chung, K.T., Wong, T.Y., Wei, C.I., Huang, Y.W. & Lin, Y. (1998). Tannins and human health: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 38(6), 421-64.
 
[86]  Lewu, M.N., Adebola, P.O. & Afolayan, A.J. (2010). Effect of cooking on the mineral contents and anti-nutritional factors in seven accessions of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott growing in South Africa, J. Food Comp. Anal. 23, 389–393.
 
[87]  Oboh, G. & Akindahunsi, A.A. (2003). Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour & gari) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation, Food Chem. (8), 599–602.
 
[88]  Allen, Y. C. & Yi, C. C. (2013). " A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention",
 
[89]  Timilsena, Y.P., Phosanam, A. & Stockmann, R. (2023). Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., (24), 13538.
 
[90]  Jukanti, A.K.P.M., Gaur, C.L., Gowda, L. & Chibbar, R.N. (2012).Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review,Brit. J. Nutr., (108), 11–26.
 
[91]  Ismail, A., Marjan, Z.M. & Foong, C.W. (2004). Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food Chem. 87(4), 581–586.
 
[92]  Barros, L., Baptista, P., Correia, D.M., Morais, J.S. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2007). Effects of conservation treatment and cooking on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(12), 4781-4788.
 
[93]  El-Nassag, D., Ghamry, H. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2019). Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaves: chemical composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, antihyperglycemic and antiatherogenic effects. Journal of Studies and Searches of Specific Education, 5 (1), 157-180 [http://www.jse.zu. edu.eg/ index.php/jse/article/view/97/96].
 
[94]  Mahran, M.Z. & Elhassaneen,Y.A. (2023). Attenuation of Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cell Apoptosis in Albino Rats by Wild Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) Seeds Extrac. Egypt. J. Chem. 66(SI: 13),1671 - 1687.
 
[95]  Shabir, G., Anwar, F., Sultana, B., Khalid, Z.M., Afzal, M., Khan, Q.M. & Ashrafuzzaman, M . (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of gold mohar Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Molecules 16, 7302–7319.
 
[96]  Halliwell, B. & Aruoma, O. I. (1991). DNA damage by oxygen derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Letters, 281, 9–19.
 
[97]  Yang, S., Madyastha, P., Bingel, S., Ries, W. & Key, L. (2001). A new superoxide-generating oxidase in murine osteoclasts. J Biol Chem; 276, 5452–5458.
 
[98]  Salman, M. (2016). Immunomodulatory and mineral absorption improvement of some red mushroom ". M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[99]  Mahran, M., Elbassyouny, G. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2018). Preventive effects of onion skin powder against hepatotoxicity in rats treated with benzo(a)pyrene. Proceeding of the Annual Conference (13th Arab; 10th International), 11-12 April, Faculty of Specific Education, Mansoura University, " Higher Education in Egypt and the Arab World in the Light of Sustainable Development Strategies"Mansoura,Egypt.[http://sefac.mans.edu.eg/english/mokatamar.htm].
 
[100]  Aly, A., Ghada, M., Elbassyouny, G. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2018). Studies on the antioxidant properties of vegetables processing by-products extract and their roles in the alleviation of health complications caused by diabetes in rats. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference of the Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, “Specific Sciences, their Developmental Role and Challenges of Labor Market” October (24-27), Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt.
 
[101]  Mehram, E., A. & Elhassaneen, Y.A. (2021). Role of Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in the Pathogenesis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Case Study on Children of Qalyubiyya and Minoufiya Governorates, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute of the Arab Republic of Egypt.
 
[102]  Mehram, E., Alaa, O., Aboraya, A. & Elhassaneen, Y.A. (2021). Potential Effects of Food Processing Byproducts on Neurological and Immunological Disorders of Obese Rats. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 42 (2), 509-522.
 
[103]  Mahran, M. Z. & Elhassaneen, Y. A. (2023). A Study of the Physical, Chemical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Properties of Wild Silybum marianum L. Seeds Oil to Investigate Its Potential Use to Boost Edible Oil Self-Sufficiency in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 44 (1), 81-91.
 
[104]  Hamzawy, M. A., El-Denshary, E.S., Mannaa, F. A. & Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. (2013). Dietary supplementation of Calendula officinalis counteracts the oxidative stress and liver damage resulted from aflatoxin. ISRN Nutrition, 9(10), 5402-538427.
 
[105]  Abd El-Rahman, N. A. (2021). Potential effect of olive and mango leaves in diabetic rats induced by aloxane. MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
 
[106]  Morresion, G. & Hark, L. (1999). Medical Nutrition and Disease. 2nd Ed., Black Well Science, Inc.
 
[107]  Dickerson, J. W. & Lee, H. A. (1988). Nutrition in the Clinical Mangement of Disease. 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold.
 
[108]  Bedawy, O.E. (2008). Relationship between phyto-sulphur compounds and lipid of blood in experimental animals M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
 
[109]  Abd El-Fatah, A. M. (2012). Active ingredients in sweet violet and their relation with liver diseases in experimental animals: Biochemical, therapeutic and histopathological studies Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[110]  El-Banaa, S. (2014). Phytochemicals in Artichoke (Cynara scolymus,L.) and their effects on liver cancer induced by carbon tetrachloride, CCl4" M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[111]  Mansour, Z. (2017). Hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant effects of avocado (Persea americana) fruits on rat's hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[112]  Tahoon, S. R. (2019). Hepatoprotective effect of Apricot and Plum kernel on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic rats ". M.SC. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[113]  Elhassaneen, Y., Hadeer, M., Gadallah, G. & Amal, Z. N. (2023). Brown Algae (Sargassum Subrepandum) from Egypt Exhibited High Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Constituent's Content: A Biological Application on Obesity and its Complications in Experimental Rats. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, 9 (4), 441-461.
 
[114]  Susilo, R.J., Winarni, D., Husen, S.A., Hayaza, S., Punnapayak, H., Wahyuningsih,S.P., Sajidah, E.S. & Darmanto, W. (2019). "Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice, Veterinary World, 12(12), 1987-1991.
 
[115]  ElSamouny, S. H. (2021). Potential protective effects of food industries by-products against liver disorders induced by carbon tetrachloride . Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt .
 
[116]  Pagana, K.D. & Pagana, T.J. (1997). Mosby's diagnostic and laboratory test references. 3 rd ed., Mosby-year Book, Inc., New York.
 
[117]  Sayed, A. S. (2016). Nutritional and technological studies on the effect of phytochemicals on obesity injuries and their related diseases by using experimental animals. Ph.D. Thesis in Home Economics (Nutrition and Food Science), Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Egypt.
 
[118]  Elhassaneen, Y., Ragab, S., Thoraya, M., Azza, E. & Abeer, A. (2012). Effect of Sweet Violet (Viola odorata L.) Blossoms Powder on Liver and Kidney Functions as well as Serum Lipid Peroxidation of Rats Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride. The Journal of American Science, 9 (5), 88-95.
 
[119]  Coria-Tellez, A., Efigenia, M., Elhadi, M. & Obledo-Vazquez, E. (2018). Annona muricata: A comprehensive review on its traditional medicinal uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 11, 662–691.
 
[120]  Badawy, N. M. (2021). "Antioxidant activities of Milk Thistle (Silybum marinum) and its effects on liver disorders induced by carbontetrachloride ". MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt .
 
[121]  Fati, G. (2017). The effect of some bakery products fortified with functional food consumption on rats suffered from liver cancer . Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[122]  Arthur, F. K., Woode, E., Terlabi, E. & Larbie, C. (2012). Evaluation of hepatoprotetctive effect of aqueous extract of Annona muricata (Linn.) leaf against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminopheninduced liver damage. J. Nat. Pharm. 3, 25–30.
 
[123]  Elhassaneen, Y., Ghamry, H. & Lotfy, L. (2018). Potential Chemoprevention of Liver Disorders by Dietary Curcumin in Rats Treated with Benzo(a)pyrene". Proceeding of the 1st Scientific International Conference of the Faculty of Specific Education, Minia University, Specific Education, innovation and labor market , Juli (16-17), Minia, Egypt..
 
[124]  Abd El-Rahman, A. (2013). "Effects of some Egyptian plant herbs on hypercholestermic rats treated with carbon Tetrachloride" Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt.
 
[125]  Koneri, R., Balaraman, R. & Firdous-Vinoth, K.M. (2008). Hepatoprotective effects of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl. Against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in rats. Pharmacol. (1), 365- 74.
 
[126]  Gutteridge, J.M. & Wilkins, S. (1983). Copper salt-dependant hydroxyl radical formation. Damage to proteins acting as antioxidant. Biochim BiophysActa. (759), 38-14.
 
[127]  Farrugia, A. (2010). Albumin usage in clinical medicine: tradition or therapeutic?. Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 24 (1), 53–63.
 
[128]  Moman, R. N., Gupta, N. & Varacallo, M. (2021). , StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, , retrieved -12-09 .
 
[129]  Levick, J.R. & Michel, C.C. (2010). . Cardiovascular Research.87 (2), 198–210.
 
[130]  Raghunathan, K., Murray, P.T., Beattie, W.S., Lobo, D.N., Myburgh, J. & Sladen, R. (2014). . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 113 (5), 772–83.
 
[131]  Maitra, Sayantan, Dutta, & Dibyendu. (2020). . In Preuss, Harry G.; Bagchi, Debasis (eds.). Dietary Sugar, Salt and Fat in Human Health. Academic Press. pp.377–393. .
 
[132]  Usunobun, U., Okolie, P. & Eze, G. (2015). Modulatory effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata pre-treatment on liver damage induced by Dimethylnitrosam ne (DMN) in rats. Br. J. Pharm. Res. 8, 1-9.
 
[133]  McAnlis, G.T., McEneny, J., Pearce, J. & Young, I.S. (1999). Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 53(2), 92-96.
 
[134]  Kuhlmann, M., Burkhardt, G., Horsch, E., Wagner, M. & Kohler, H. (1998). Inhibition of oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured renal tublar epithelial cells by quercetin. Free Rad. Res, 29, 451-460.
 
[135]  Poma, E., Requis, E.R., Gordillo, G. & Fuertes, C. (2011). Estudio fitoquı´mico y actividad antiinflamatoria de la Annona muricata L.(guana´ bana) de Cuzco. Ciencia e Investigacion , 14, 29–33.
 
[136]  Correa-Gordillo, J., Ortiz, J., Sa´nchez-Mejı´a, M. & Pacho´n, H. (2012). Actividad antioxidante en guana´bana (Annona muricata L.) una revisio´ n bibliogra´ fica. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromat., 11, 111–126.
 
[137]  Kaneko, T., Kajji, k. & Matsuo, M. (1994). Protection of linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by phenolic antioxidants. Free Radical Biol. Med. 16, 405-409.
 
[138]  Aviram, M., Rosenblat, M., Billecke, S., Erogul, J., Sorenson, R., Bisgaier, C., Newton, R. & LaDu, B. (1999). Human serum paraoxonase is inactivated by oxidized low density liporotein and preserved by antioxidants. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26 (7/8), 892-904.
 
[139]  Boraey, R. A. (2023). Study of The Biological Activities of Ashwagandha Extract and Its Effects on Neurological Complications in Obese Ratsrats MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt .
 
[140]  Jirova, D., Sperlingova, I., Halaskova, M., Bendova, H. & Dabrowska, L. (1996). Immunotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride-the effect on morphology and function of the immune system in mice. Gent. Eur. J. Public Health, 4, 16-20.
 
[141]  Mandal, A., Karmakar, R., Bandyopadhyay, S. & Chatterjee, M. (1998). Antihepatotoxic potential of Trianthema portulacastrum in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatocellular injury biochemical characteristics. Arch. Pharm. Res., 21, 223-230.
 
[142]  Ballinger, A. (2007). Gastroenterology and anemia. Medicine, (35), 142- 146.
 
[143]  Tung, H.T., Cook, F.W., Wyatt, R.D. & Hamilton, P.B. (1975). The anemia caused by aflatoxin. Poult. Sci., 54, 1962-1969.
 
[144]  Konopacka, M., Maria, W. & Joanna, R. (1998). Modifying effect of vitamins C, E and beta-carotene against gamma-ray-induced DNA damage in mouse cells. Mutation Research, 417, 85–94.
 
[145]  Antunes, L.M. & Takahashi, C.S. (1999). Protection and induction of chromosomal damage by vitamin C in human lymphocyte cultures. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen.;19 (1), 53-9.
 
[146]  Oviedo, V., Garcı´a, M., Dı´az, C., Marder, M., Costa, M., Rincon, J. & Safnchez, C. (2009). Extracto y fraccio´ n alcaloidal de Annona muricata con actividad de tipo ansiolı´tica en ratones. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quı´m. Farma., 38, 105–120.
 
[147]  Arroyave-Ospina, J.C., Wu, Z., Geng, Y. & Moshage, H. (2021). Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Antioxidants, 10 (2), 174.
 
[148]  Masarone, M., Rosato, V., Dallio, M., Gravina, A.G., Aglitti, A., Loguercio, C., Federico, A. & Persico, M. (2018). Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Oxid Med. Cell Longev., 9547613.
 
[149]  Hajam, Y.A., Rani, R., Ganie, S.Y., Sheikh, T.A., Javaid, D., Qadri, S.S., Pramodh, S., Alsulimani, A., Alkhanani, M.F., Harakeh, S., Hussain, A., Haque, S. & Reshi, M.S. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology and Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives. Cells, 11, 552.
 
[150]  Blessing, M., Onyegeme-Okerenta1, P. O., Ogboye, A. & Monago-Ighorodje, C. (2018). Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Delonix regia (Hook) Raf on the Liver, Kidney and Spleen of High-fat Diet Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Female Wistar Rats. Uropean Journal of Medicinal Plants. 25(2), 1-14.
 
Manuscript template