Impact of Body Mass Index Changes on Development of Hypertension in Preparatory School Students: A Cross Sectional Study Based on Anthropometric Measurements

Nassar A. A. Omar^{1, 2}, Momen Elshazley^{3, 4,} , Salah M. El Sayed^{5, 6}, Amal N. A. Al- lithy⁷ and Manal Mohamed Helmy Nabo⁸

¹Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt

²Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

³Department of Occupational Diseases and Toxigenomics, Taibah University College of Medicine, Al-Madinah Al Mounwara 41411, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Industrial Medicine and Occupational Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt

⁵Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah University College of Medicine, Al-Madinah Al Mounwara 41411, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁶Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt

⁷Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt

⁸Department of Pediatrics, Uhud hospital, governorate of health, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cite this paper:
Nassar A. A. Omar, Momen Elshazley, Salah M. El Sayed, Amal N. A. Al- lithy and Manal Mohamed Helmy Nabo. Impact of Body Mass Index Changes on Development of Hypertension in Preparatory School Students: A Cross Sectional Study Based on Anthropometric Measurements. American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2017; 5(2):31-37. doi: 10.12691/ajmbr-5-2-4

Abstract

Assessing nutritional status using body mass index (BMI) measurements and body compositions evaluation could be simple clinical reliable tools and indicators of adolescent health. On the other hand, hypertension becomes a serious public health problem affecting both children and adolescents. This study aimed at evaluating the association of body composition alterations and development of blood pressure changes among adolescents in Taif governorate, Saudi Arabia. A cross sectional survey design was adopted in which 701 children (aged 12-15) years in Taif city were drawn and randomly selected from the preparatory schools. Measurement of systolic/diastolic blood pressure and comprehensive assessment of anthropometric parameters were done for all participants including weight, height, waist and hip circumferences in addition to triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfold thickness. Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, waist: hip, total body fat and lean body mass were also calculated. In our study, 29.8% of participants were underweight, 9.8% were overweight, 4% were obese and 56.3% showed normal BMI. 6.7% of the participants suffered from hypotension while 6.1% had hypertension. Interestingly, BMI was significantly associated with a greater prevalence of hypertension (normal weight 1.91%, overweight 2.90%, and obesity 10 %). In conclusion, our study sheds the light on the importance of using BMI and anthropometric measures in evaluating the unhealthy weight status of adolescent school students as early predictors of hypertension development. Saudi Anthropometric measurements are comparable to international standards. The future life style changes (sedentary life vs. exercise and food type) impact the development of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in the Saudi society.

Keywords:
anthropometry obesity overweight hypertension underweight

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Malina R, Bouchard C, and Bar-Or O (2004). Physical activity as a factor in growth, maturation, and performance,” in Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, M. Malina, C. Bouchard, and O. Bar-Or, Eds., pp. 509-525, Human kinetics, 2nd edition.
[2]	Haider R. Adolescents Nutrition (2005). A review of the Situation in Selected South-East Asian Countries, World Health Organization, Regional office of South East Asia, Executive summary.
[3]	Anand K, Kant S and Kapoor SK (1999). Nutritional status of adolescent school children in Rural North India, Indian Pediatrics 36(8): 810-815.
[4]	Rao S (2001). Nutritional status of the Indian population, Journal of Biosciences 26(4): 481-489.
[5]	Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF and Byers T (1993). Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med 22:167-177.
[6]	Wellens R, Roche AF, Khamis HJ. (1996). Relationship between and body composition Obes Res. 4:35-44.
[7]	Onis M, A. W. Onyango, E. Borghi, A. Siyam, C. Nishida, and J. Siekmann (2007). Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85(9): 660-667.
[8]	Khadilkar, V V, Khadilkar A V, Cole T J, and M G Sayyad (2009). Cross-sectional growth curves for height, weight and body mass index for affluent Indian children, Indian Pediatrics, 46, (6) 477-489.
[9]	Imamura Y, Uto H, Oketani M, Hiramine Y, Hosoyamada K, Sho Y et al. (2008). Association between changes in body composition and the increasing prevalence of fatty liver in Japanese men. Hepatol Res 38:1083-6.
[10]	Bandyopahyay A (2007). Anthropometry and body composition in soccer and volleyball players in West Bengal, India. J Physiol Anthropol 28: 501-507.
[11]	Westsrate JA, Deurenberg P (1989). Body composition in children: proposal for calculating body fat percentage from density or skinfold thickness measurements. Am J Clin Nutri 50: 1104-15.
[12]	Lee DR (1995). Body composition and nutrition assessment. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby.
[13]	Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan L, Daniels S, Standiford D, Khoury P, Zeitler P. (1999). Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents J pediatr. 128:608-615.
[14]	Sinha T, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane W, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin R, Caprio S (2002). Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 346: 802-810.
[15]	McAlister FA, Straus SE: (2001) Measurement of blood pressure: an evidence based review. BMJ 322: 908-911.
[16]	Eid N, Al-Hooti S, Bourisly N, Khalafawi M (1986). Nutritional anthropometric of school children in Kuwait. Nutr Report Int. 33: 253-260.
[17]	Musaiger AO, Gregory WB, Haas JD (1989). Growth patterns of school children in Bahrain. Ann Hum Biol. 16:155-167.
[18]	Al-Shoshan A (1993). Growth patterns of selected primary school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 14: 53-58.
[19]	Gbenga Ogedegbe, MDa and Thomas (2010). Pickering: Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement. Cardiol Clin. 28(4): 571-586.
[20]	National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2003). Your Blood Pressure Lowering Guide. Publication No. 03-5232.
[21]	Cole TJ, Lobstein T (2012). Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatric Obesity 7(4):284-294.
[22]	Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio (2008). Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva.
[23]	Lohman TG., et al. (1988): Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human. 1940-Roche, Alex F. 1921.
[24]	Deurenberg Paul, Weststrate Jan A, Seidell, Jaap C (2007). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas British Journal of Nutrition 65 (2): 105-14.).
[25]	Gibson R. (1990): Principles of Nutrition Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[26]	Som S, Pal M, Bharati P. (2007). Role of individual and household level factors on stunting: a comparative study in three Indian states. Ann Hum Biol 34: 632-646.
[27]	Dutta A, pant K, Puthia R, Sah A (2009). Prevalence of undernutrition among children in the Garhwal Himalayas. Food and Nutr Bull 30: 77-81.
[28]	Rao VG, Yadav R, Dolla CK, Kumar S, Bhondeley MK, Ukey M (2005). Undernutrition and childhood morbidities among tribal preschool children. Indian J Med Res.122: 43-47.
[29]	Ahmed Khalid Ali, Hatim Al-rehaily, Rayan Al-logmani, Khaled al-Malki, Ahmed Al-Sayed, Rayan Abdullah (2016). Prevalence of Obesity Among Male intermediate School students in Al-Madina at 2015. International Journal of Academic Scientific Research ISSN: 2272-6446 Volume 4, Issue 1 (February - March) PP 38-48.
[30]	Mohammed O. Al-Rukban. (2016). Obesity among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J; Vol. 24 (1): 27-33.
[31]	Baha Abalkhail, Sherine Shawky, and Tawfik Ghabrah. (2002). perception of body weight among saudi school children. J Family Community Med. Sep-Dec. 9(3): 35-49.
[32]	Alrashidi M, Shahwan-Akl, L, James, J and Jones, LK (2015). Contributing Factors to Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Kuwait. International Journal of Health Sciences March, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 133-155.
[33]	Abudayya, Abdallah Hassan (2003). Nutritional status and lifestyle among school adolescents in Gaza strip. Master degree, University of Oslo Library.
[34]	Wake M, S A Clifford, G C Patton, E Waters, J Williams, L Canterford and J B Carlin (2013). Morbidity patterns among the underweight, overweight and obese between 2 and 18 years: population-based cross-sectional analyses. International Journal of Obesity, 37, 86-93.
[35]	Mir FA Quadri, M Hakami, Asma AA Hezam, Raed Y Hakami, Fadwa A Saadi, Layla M Ageeli ,Wafqah H Alsagoor, Mohammad A Faqeeh, Mohammed A Dhae (2017). Relation between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index-for-age among Schoolchildren of Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 18(4): 277-282.
[36]	Higgins PB, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Goran ML (2001). Defining health related obesity in prepubertal children. Obes Res. 9: 233-40.
[37]	Kusuma YS, Babu BV, Naidu JM (2002). Blood pressure levels among cross cultural/populations of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ann Hum. 29: 502-12.
[38]	Arshalooz Jamila Rahman, Farah Naz,and Zubair Khowaja (2003). Prevalence of hypertension in healthy school children in Pakistan and its relationship with body mass index, proteinuria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl .24(2): 408-412.
[39]	Gupta S, Kapoor S (2010). Sex differences in blood pressure levels and its association with obesity indices: Who is at greater risk Ethn Dis. 20: 370-4.
[40]	Kholoud A. Hothan, Bashaer A. Alasmari, Omniya K. Alkhelaiwi, Khalid M. Althagafi, Abdulaziz A. Alkhaldi, Ahmed K. Alfityani, Mohannad M. Aladawi, MBChB, Sara N. Sharief, Medical, Sherif El Desoky, and Jameela A. Kari (2016). Prevalence of hypertension, obesity, hematuria and proteinuria amongst healthy adolescents living in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. Oct; 37(10): 1120-1126.
[41]	Shaea A. Alkahtani (2015). Pediatric hypertension in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. Vol. 36 (6): 713-719.
[42]	Riley M, Bluhm B (2012). High blood pressure in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician 85: 693-700.
[43]	Batiha, A.M., Obead, K.A., Alhalaiqa, F.N., Kawafha, M.M., El-Razek, A.A., Albashtawy, M., Saifan, A., Ruz, M.E.A. and Al Ew-aidat, H (2015). Quality of Life and Fatigue among Jordanian Can-cer Patients. Iranian Journal of Public Health 44(12): 1704.
[44]	Al Azzam M, Al Bashtawy M, Tubaishat A, Batiha AM, Tawalbeh L (2017). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among school-aged children in Jordan East Mediterr Health J. 27; 23(7):486-491.