Effects of Varying Dosage Replacement of Cement Content by Animal Bone Powder in Normal Concrete Mix Production

Abrham Hawaz W/amanuel¹, Emer Tucay Quezon^2, and Mamuye Busier³

¹Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

²Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Ambo University and affiliated with Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

³Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Cite this paper:
Abrham Hawaz W/amanuel, Emer Tucay Quezon and Mamuye Busier. Effects of Varying Dosage Replacement of Cement Content by Animal Bone Powder in Normal Concrete Mix Production. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2018; 6(4):133-139. doi: 10.12691/ajcea-6-4-1

Abstract

Cement being the main constituent of concrete plays a vital role in concrete production. In Ethiopia, the cement consumption has grown well with a growth rate of about 16.1% per year. Hence, an alternative material to partially replace cement was initiated to reflect the needs of local community in the study area. The waste quantity of animal bones has impacted the environment which are unusual to see in other Non-African countries. The primary aim of the research is to investigate the effects of varying dosage replacement of cement by animal bone powder (ABP) in the normal concrete production. The bone samples collected from Seka Waste Disposal Site of Jimma town, approximately 10km from the bus station where a quantity of waste animal bones can be found. After cleaning and drying, the bone samples burned in the Furnace. The average required energy to burn the animal bone obtained at a temperature of 340°C. The burnt bone was allowed to cool before grinding in a hammer mill and sieving. There were six proportions prepared to start from 0% (as control specimen), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% dosage increment by weight of bone powder, and evaluated the normal concrete strengths of C-25 grade concrete. The laboratory test results indicated the chemical analyses of bone powder composed similar compounds of oxide in cement but slightly lesser in content based on ASTM C-150. Likewise, the effects of replacing animal bone on the properties of cement such as consistency and setting time remained within the acceptable limits of the Standard Specifications. On the other hand, the results of compressive, flexural tensile, and the split tensile strengths significantly declined from the control specimen during the dosage increment of the replacement made. Therefore, the optimum dosage of bone powder indicated 10% by weight to replace cement content in normal concrete mix production.

Keywords:
animal bone powder cement concrete strengths optimum dosage partial replacement

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Biruk Negash; The Importance of Standardization of Aggregate in Ethiopian Construction Industry; MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University; 2014.
[2]	Adisu Fentaw Kassaye; Study on the uses of Derba Ordinary Portland and Portland Pozzolana Cement for Structural Concrete Production; MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University; 2014.
[3]	F.N. Okoye and O.I Odumodu; Investigation into The Possibility of Partial Replacement of Cement with Bone Powder in Concrete Production; International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2016, 12(10): 40-45.
[4]	ESIA Summary Greenfield Derba Cement Project: DMC, Establishment of 5,600Tpd Clinker Capacity Greenfield Cement Project and Operation of Captive Mines, Ethiopia 2008.
[5]	Stajanča М. and Eštokova А; Environmental Impacts of Cement Production, Lviv Polytechnic National University of Košice Institutional Repository, 2012; 138: 296-302.
[6]	Abdul Rauf; Animal Bone – A Brief Introduction; Jazan K.S.A, PYP Jazan University, 2014.
[7]	Steven H. Kosmatka, Beatrix Kerkhoff, and William C. Panarese. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. 14th Edition. USA, Portland Cement Association, 2003.
[8]	F.D.R.E Central Statistical Agency, Agricultural Sample Survey on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2010/11.
[9]	Ayele Solomon, Assegid Workalemahu, M.A. Jabbar M.M. Ahmed and Belachew Hurissa. Livestock marketing in Ethiopia: A review of structure, performance and development initiatives Socio-economics Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2014
[10]	Abrar Awol, Using marble waste powder in cement and concrete production, MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University; 2011.
[11]	J.M. Illston and P.L.J. Domone. Construction Materials Their nature and behavior. 3rd Edition. London; 2002.
[12]	F. Falade, E. Ikponmwosa, C. Fapohunda Potential of Pulverized Bone as Pozzolanic. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 2012; 3(7): 1-6.
[13]	Arun.S & Vaideki.M Experimental Investigation on Low-Cost Concrete Using Industrial Waste as Partial Replacements, International Conference on Engineering Trends and Science & Humanities, 2015: 13-16.
[14]	D. A. Opeyemi & O. O. Makinde The Suitability of Partial Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash and Bone Powder in Concrete Structures, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2012; 2(9): 261-265.
[15]	J.O. Akinyele, A.A. Adekunle and O. Ogundaini, The Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Bone Ash and Wood Ash in Concrete, ANNALS of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara – International Journal of Engineering. 2016; 4 (November):199-204.
[16]	John K. Makunza, Investigation on fired animal bones as an aggregate replacement in concrete. RILEM International workshop on performance-based specification and control of concrete durability, 2014; 11(3): 401-408.
[17]	M. Kotb, M. Assas & H. Abd-Elrahman; Effect of grounded bone powder addition on the mechanical properties of cement mortar, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2010; 138: 201-212.
[18]	Funso Falade, Efe Ikponmwosa and Christopher Fapohunda; Flexural performance of foam concrete containing pulverized bone as partial replacement of cement. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology. 2014; 8(01): 20-31.
[19]	Puneeth G T., and Mamath; An Experimental Investigation on the Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Micro Silica and Natural Sand with Manufactured Sand. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 2016, 3(2): 52-57.
[20]	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Cattle Inventory: Ranking of countries report; 2015.
[21]	Emer Tucay Quezon, et.al, A Study on the Effect of Time Duration by Vibrating or Tamping Fresh Concrete on the Compressive Strength of C-25 Concrete. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2017, pp. 72-79.