Cellular Immune Responses to HIV and falciparum Malaria Co-infection among Pregnant Mothers

Adeoti O.M^{1, 2,} , Awobode H.O³ and Anumudu C.I²

¹The Polytechnic Ibadan, Saki Campus

²Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University Ibadan, Nigeria

³Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Cite this paper:
Adeoti O.M, Awobode H.O and Anumudu C.I. Cellular Immune Responses to HIV and falciparum Malaria Co-infection among Pregnant Mothers. American Journal of Biomedical Research. 2015; 3(2):13-20. doi: 10.12691/ajbr-3-2-1

Abstract

Co-infection of malaria and HIV often result in a precarious switch of the immune reaction from T-helper 1 (Th-1) - type 1 to type 2 or vice versa. Immunological status are seriously threatened in the case of infection by HIV and Plasmodium falciparum or both in pregnant mother, hence the need to investigate the immunological responses at different status of infections. A total of 149 mothers were recruited in a longitudinal study in the endemic area of Saki. Rapid diagnostic tested kits were used for HIV diagnosis in mother; CD4⁺ counts were enumerated by using FACS count techniques. Four cytokines were profiled TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The data generated were analyzed using appropriate method. The prevalence of malaria in mothers was 85/149 (57.1%); a higher mean parasite density of 340×10³ parasite/μL of blood was observed in multigravidae than in secundigravidae with 195×10³ parasite/μL of blood and 265×10³ parasite/ of blood in primigravidae, there was no significant relation between parity and parasite density in the participating mothers. The HIV and malaria was (22.8%) in mothers while the co infection of HIV and sero-prevalence was (30.2%). The CD4⁺ counts below WHO recommended were observed in 46.9, 33.4 and 47.1% HIV positive, malaria positive and co-infection mothers respectively. However, the concentration differentials of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-2 and IFN-γ in sero-positive mothers were-0.025, -0.0102, +0.0357 and 0.0255 pg/µL respectively. The CD4- T-lymphocytes counts, predominance of Th2 and proportion of co-infection mothers suggest significant health risk.

Keywords:
cytokine co-infection plasmodium falciparum sero-prevalence parity profiled

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Imani, P.D., Musoke, P., Byarugaba, J., Tumwine, J.K.. “Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cerebral malaria in children in Uganda: a case-control study”. Biomedical Central Pediatrics 11.5: 1471-2431 (2011).
[2]	Idemyor, V., “Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and malaria interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: the collision of two titans” . HIV Clinical Trials. 8:246-253(2007).
[3]	Mwapasa, V., Rogerson, S.J., Molyneux, M.E. “The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on peripheral placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women” AIDS, 18:1051-1059 (2004).
[4]	Karp, C.L., Auwaerter, P.G. “Co-infection with HIV and tropical infectious diseases”. Protozoal pathogens Clinical Infectious Disease 45:1208-13 (2007).
[5]	Mermin, J., Lule, J.R., Ekwaru, J.P. “Association between malaria and CD4 cell count decline among persons with HIV”. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 41.1: 129-130 (2006).
[6]	World Health Organization. “Malaria and HIV interactions and their implication for public health Policy” report of a WHO technical consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 23-25 (2004).
[7]	Chandramohan, D. and Greenwood, B.M.. “Is there an interaction between human immunodeficiency virus and Plasmodium falciparum?” International Journal of Epidemiology. 27. 2: 296-301 (1998).
[8]	Kamya, M.R., Gasasira, A.F., Yeka, A. “Effect of HIV-1 infection on anti-malarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study”. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193.1: 9-15 (2006).
[9]	Grimwade, K., French, N., Mbatha, D.D., Zungu, D.D., Dedicoat, M., and Gilks, C.F. “Childhood malaria in a region of unstable transmission and high Human Immunodefiency Virus prevalence”. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 22.12: 1057-1063 (2003).
[10]	Uneke, C.J. Assessment of malaria in pregnancy using Rapid Diagnostic Tests and its association with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. AIDS, 13:1145-1146. (2007).
[11]	Ticconi, C., Mapfumo, M., Dorrucci, M., Naha, N., Tarira, E., Pietropolli, A “Effect of maternal HIV and placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women” AIDS. 18:1051-1059. (2003).
[12]	Whitworth, J.., Morgan, D., Quigley, M., Smith, A., Mayanga, B., Eotu, H., Omoding, N., Okongo, M., Malomba, S., Ojwia, A. “Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study”. Lancet 356:1051-1056 (2002).
[13]	Lawn, S.D., Butera, S.T., Folks, T.M. “Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and levels determine marked differences in Mother-To-Child Transmission rates of HIV- 1 and HIV-2 in the Gambia”. AIDS. 14:441-448. (2001).
[14]	Federal Ministry of Health. National code of health research ethics ISBN: 978-978-080-708-5 cited at http://www.nhrec.net (2007).
[15]	Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory practice in Tropical countries. 2nd edition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 244-51 (2005).
[16]	Ogbodo, S.O., Nwagha, U.I., Okaka, O.N.C., Ogenyi, S.C., Okoko, R.O., Nwagha, T.U. “Malaria parasitemia among pregnant women in rural community of eastern Nigeria: need for combined measures”. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 24. 2:95-100 (2009).
[17]	World Health Organization. Malaria, a Global Public Health problem.World Malaria Report 2004. Accessed on June 10, 2009 at www.wpro.who.int/sites/mvp/data (2005).
[18]	Amuta, E.U., Ikpa, T.F. “High prevalence of HIV infection, increased tendency to malaria burden and Development of AIDS at the Federal medical centre, Makurdi, Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 26: 7-11 (2005).
[19]	Center for Disease Control Department Human Services “Determine HIV rapid test for use with whole blood, serum or plasma women receiving anti-foliates in a high transmission area of Uganda”. Malaria Journal (2006).
[20]	Agbede, O.O., Ajiboye, T.O., Kolawole, O.M., Babatunde, S.A., Odeigha, L.O. Evaluation of CD4+ T cells in HIV patients presenting with malaria at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Nigeria EXCLI Journal, 9:58-66 (2009).
[21]	Tanjong, E., Atashili Kamga J., Ikomey H.I.F., Akenji, G., Ndumbe, M.P. “Reference values of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in HIV sero-negative pregnant women in Buea, Cameroon”. African Journal of clinical and Experimental Microbiology. 13. 1:55-69X (2012).
[22]	Abaniyie, F.A., McCraken, C., Kirrvan, P., Mollo, S.F., Asaolu, S.O., Holland, C.V., Gutman, J., Lamb, J.J. Ascaris co-infection does not alter malaria-induced anaemia in a cohort of Nigeria Pre School Children. BMC Malaria Journal. 12:1-8 (2013).
[23]	Mayanga, V.P., Minzi, O., Ngasala, B. Prevalence of malaria and anaemia among HIV infected pregnant women receiving co-trinnoxazole prophlaxis in Tanzania: a cross sectional study in Kinodomi Mumapahty. Biomedical Central: Pharmacology and Toxicology. 15:24 (2014).
[24]	Perrault, S.D., Hajek, J., Zhong, K., Owino, S.O., Sichangi, M., Smith, Geoffrey Smith, Shi, P.Y., Moore, J.M., Kain, C. “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infection increases placental parasite density and transplacental malaria transmission in Western Kenya”. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80.1:119-125 (2009).
[25]	Moore, J.M., Ayisi, J., Nahlen, B.L., Misore, A., Lai, A.A., Udhayakumar, V., “Immunity to Placental malaria. II. Placental antigen-specific cytokine responses are impaired in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women”. Concise communication. 1-2 (2000).
[26]	Ballan, W.M., Bien-aimec, N.V.U., Long, B.R., Loo, C.P., Michealsson, J, Barbour, J.D., Laniar, L.L., Wiznia, A.A., Abadi, J, Fennelly, G.J., Roserberg M. G., Nixon, D.F.,. Natural killer cells in perinatally HIV-1 infected children exhibit less degranulation compared to HIV-1 exposed uninfected children and their expression of KIR2DL3, NKC72C and NKP46 correlates with disease severity. Journal of Immunology. 179: 3362-3370. (2007).
[27]	Adefioye, O.A., Adeyeba, O.A., Hassan, W.O., and Oyeniran, O.A. “Prevalence of malaria parasite infection among pregnant women in Osogbo, Southwest Nigeria”. American and European Journal of Science Research 2: 43-45 (2007).
[28]	Chalwe, V., Van geertruyden, J., Mukwamataba, D., Menten, J., Kamalamba, J, Mulenga, M. “Increased risk for severe malaria in HIV-1 infected adults, Zambia”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15. 5:749-858 (2009).
[29]	Ayouba, A., Badaut, C., Kfutwah, A. Specific stimulation of HIV-1 replication in human placental trophoblasts by an antigen of Plasmodium falciparum AIDS 22. 6: 785-787 (2008).
[30]	Aryee, D.N., Boachie, J. Assessment of the impact of malaria on CD4+ T cells and haemoglobin levels of HIV-malaria co-infected patients. Journal of Infection and Development. 6. 9:660-663 (2012).
[31]	van Eijk A.M., Ayisi J.G., ter Kuile F.O. “HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya”. AIDS. 17.4: 595-60. (2003).
[32]	Van geertruyden, J.P., Menten J., Colebunders, R., Korenromp, E., D’Alessandro, U. “The impact of HIV-1 on the malaria parasite biomass in adults in sub-Saharan Africa contributes to the emergence of anti-malarial drug resistance”. Malaria Journal BioMedCentral. 7:134 (2012).
[33]	Kimbi, H.K., Njoh, D.T., Ndamukong, K., Lehman, L.G. “Malaria in HIV/AIDS Patients at different CD4+ T cell levels in Limbe Cameroon”. Journal of Bacteriology and Parasitology 4172:2155-97 (2013).
[34]	Nwokedi, E.E., Ochicha, O., Muhammed, A.Z., Saddiq, N.M. . “Baseline CD4 lymphocyte count among HIV patients in Kano, Northern Nigeria”. African Journal of Health Sciences. 14. 3-4: 210-215 (2007).
[35]	Vangeertruyden J.P. “Interactions between Malaria and Human Immunodeficiency virus”. A Review of Clinical Microbiology. 10.1111: 1469-1478 (2014).
[36]	Tian, L., Wang, T., Lv, S., Wang, F., Guo, J., Yin, X., Cai, Y., Dickey, M.K., Steinmann, P., and Chen, J.. “HIV and intestinal parasite co-infections among a Chinese population: an immunological profile”. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2:18. (2013).
[37]	Kfutwah, A.K.W., Marry, J.Y., Nicola, M.A., Bliase-Boisseau, S., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Ayouba, A., Menu, E., Tumor Necrosis Factor-α stimulate HIV-1 replication in single-cycle infection of Human term placental villi fragments in a time, viral dose and envelope dependent manner. Retrovirology 3:36 (2006).
[38]	Singh, N., John, R. Immune Reconstitution Syndrome and Exacerbation of Infections after Pregnancy. Clinical Infections Diseases. 45:1192-1199. (2001).
[39]	Raghuparty, R., Al-Mutawa, E., Makhseed, M., Azizieh, F., Szekeres-Bartho, J. Modulation of cytokine production by dydrogestrone in lymphocytes from women with recurrent miscarriage. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112: 1096-1101 (2009).
[40]	Ned, R.M., Moore, J.M., Chaisavaneeyakorn, S., Udhayakumar, V., Modulation of Immune responses during HIV-malaria co-infection in pregnancy. Trends in Parasitology. 21.6:284-291 (2005).
[41]	Kfutwah, A., Marry, J.Y., Lemen, B., Leke, R., Rousset, D., Barre-Sinnoussi, F., Nerriement, E., Menu, E., Ayouba, A., Plasmodium falciparum infection significantly impairs placental cytokine in HIV-Infected Cameroonian women. PLoS ONE. 4: 8114-18 (2009).
[42]	Fried, M., Richard, O., Muga, Ambrose, O., Misore, Patrick, E. D. Malaria Elicits Type 1 Cytokines in the Human Placenta: IFN-γ and TNF-α Associated with Pregnancy Outcomes, Journal of Immunology downloaded on 5th May, 2012 online at http://www.jimmunol.org/subscription (2012).
[43]	Hochman, S., and Kim, K., “The impact of HIV co-infection on cerebral malaria pathogenesis”. American Journal of Tropical Diseases and Hygiene 71:41-54. (2012).
[44]	Niikura, M., Kamiya, S., Kita, K., and Kobayashi, F. Co-infection with on lethal murine malaria parasites suppresses pathogenesis caused by Plasmodium berghei NK65 Journal of Immunology. 180.10: 6877-6884. (2012).
[45]	Angulo, I., Fresno, M.,Cytokines in the pathogenesis of and protection against malaria. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9.6: 1145-1152 (2002).
[46]	Laar, A.K., Grant, F.E., Addo, Y., Soyori, I., Nkansah, B., Abugri, J., Laar, A.S., Ampofo, W.K., Tuakli, J.M., Quakyi, I.A. 2013. Predictors of fetal anemia and cord blood malaria parasitemia among Newborns of HIV-positive mothers. British Medical Central Research Notes. 6:350-356 (2000).
[47]	Clerici, M., Seresella, M., Colombo, F., Fossati, S., Sala, N., Bricalli, O., Villa, M.L., Feerrante, P., Dally, L., Vigono, A. “T- Lymphocyte maturation abnormalities in uninfected newborns and children with vertical exposure to HIV”. BLOOD 96.12: 3866-3871 (2000).
[48]	Lokossou, A.J., Dechavanne C., Bouraima A., Courtin D., Le Port A., Ladekpo R., Noukpo J.,Bonou D., Ahouangninou C., Sabbagh A., Fayomi B., Massougbodji A., Andre G., Garcia A., Migot-Nabias F.. “Association of IL-4 and IL-10 maternal halotypes with immune responses to P. falciparum in Mothers and Newborns”. BioMedCentral Infectious Diseases 13:215-223 (2013).
[49]	El-Far, M., El-Sayed, I.H., El-Motwally, A.E., Hashem, I.A., Bakry, N. “Serum levels of TNF-alpha and antioxidant enzymes and placental TNF alpha expression in unexplained recurrent spontaneous miscarriage”. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 65.2:175-181. (2009).
[50]	Mbugi, V.E., Mejijerink, M., Veene Mans J., Jeurink, P.V., McCall, M., Olomi, R.M., Shao, F.J., and Verhoeff, H., Savelkoul, H.F.J. “Alterations in early cytokine mediated immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Tanzanian children with mineral element deficiencies: a cross- sectional survey”. Malaria Journal. 9:130 (2010).