Journals A-Z
All Subjects
Free Journals
sciepub.com
Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences
ISSN (Print): 2328-3912 ISSN (Online): 2328-3920 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/aees Editor-in-chief: Alejandro González Medina
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Issue 2, Volume 2
Article Metrics
  • 98964
    Views
  • 51912
    Saves
  • 12
    Citations
  • 58
    Likes
Export Article
Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2014, 2(2), 66-73
DOI: 10.12691/aees-2-2-5
Open AccessArticle

An Overview of Agrochemicals and Their Effects on Environment in Nepal

Govinda Bhandari1,

1Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal

Pub. Date: March 27, 2014
View Full Text Full Text PDF (476 KB) Full Text ePUB(492 KB)

Cite this paper:
Govinda Bhandari. An Overview of Agrochemicals and Their Effects on Environment in Nepal. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2014; 2(2):66-73. doi: 10.12691/aees-2-2-5

Abstract

Agrochemicals are the result of modern technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. Over use of these chemicals have severe effects on environment that may lead to an immediate and long term effects. Investigating farmers’ awareness of agrochemicals residues and their behaviors regarding application is important in order to reduce human factors that negatively affect agricultural safety. This study focuses on a summary of both national and international studies regarding the effects of pesticide and chemical fertilizer residues on nature, as well as farmers’ awareness of these effects. This research incorporates the actual performance of farmers of Rupandehi district on the issue of agrochemicals.

Keywords:
agrochemicals farmers’ awareness Rupandehi Nepal

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

Figure of 2

References:

[1]  Abhilash PC, Singh N. 2009. Pesticide use and application: An Indian scenario. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165(1-3), 1-12.
 
[2]  Anderson A, Baldock JA, Rogers SL, Bellotti W, Gill G. 2004. Influence of chlorsulfuron on rhizobial growth, nodule formation, and nitrogen fixation with chickpea. Aust J Agr Res. 55:1059-1070.
 
[3]  Atreya K. 2007. Pesticide use knowledge and practices: A gender differences in Nepal. Environmental Research, 104, 305-311.
 
[4]  Atreya K. 2008. Probabilistic assessment of acute health symptoms related to pesticide use under intensified Nepalese agriculture, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 18:3, 187-208.
 
[5]  Babu GS, Farooq M, Ray RS, Joshi PC, Viswanathan PN, Hans RK. 2003. DDT and HCH residues in basmati rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in Dehradun (India). Water Air Soil Pollut. 144:149-157.
 
[6]  Batsa BK, Manandhar G. 1994. Suppression of maize head smut with seed treatment and influence of planting date on disease incidence. Paper presented at the Eighteenth Summer Crops Workshop held at ARS, Rampur from March 1 to 2, 1994.
 
[7]  Beil D, Ring J, Vieluf D, Kinder H, Behrendt H, Paschke A, Steinhart H. 2001. Modulation of allergic reactions to apple by pesticide residues. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 13, 93-102.
 
[8]  Bo Hou, Linhai Wu. 2010. Safety impact and farmer awareness of pesticide residues, Food and Agricultural Immunology, 21:3, 191-200.
 
[9]  Bohmont BL. 1990. The standard pesticide user’s guide. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall.
 
[10]  Bourn D, Prescott JA. 2002. Comparison of the nutritional value, sensory qualities, and food safety of orbanically and conventionally produced food. Critical Reviews in Food Safety and Nutrition, 42(1), 1-34.
 
[11]  Brauw A, Huang J, Rozelle S. 2000. Responsiveness, flexibility and market liberalization in Chinese agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82, 1133-1139.
 
[12]  Buczynska A, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I. 2005. Identification of health hazards to rural population living near pesticide dump sites in Poland. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 18, 331-339.
 
[13]  Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2007. District profile of Rupandehi. Central Bureau of Statistics. National Planning Commission Secretariat, Kapilbastu, Nepal, pp 104.
 
[14]  Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2006. Nepal in figures. Central Bureau of Statistics. National Planning Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp 12.
 
[15]  Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2003. National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal, 2001/02: highlights. Government of Nepal (Kathmandu): National Planning Commission and Central Bureau of Statistics.
 
[16]  Chaudhary B. 1995. Efficacy of Beam 75 wp in controlling leaf blast disease at the seedling stage or rice. Paper presented at the 18th National Summer Crops Workshop at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Nepal.
 
[17]  Christin MS, Me´nard L, Gendron AD, Ruby S, Cyr D, Marcogliese DJ, Rollins- Smith L, Fournier M. 2004. Effects of agricultural pesticides on the immune system of Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens. Aquatic Toxicology, 67, 33-43.
 
[18]  Cooper J, Dobson H. 2007. The benefits of pesticides to mankind and the environment. Crop Protection, 26, 1337-1348.
 
[19]  Dahal L. 1995. A study on pesticide pollution in Nepal. Kathmandu (Nepal): National Conservation Strategy Implementation Project, IUCN/Nepal.
 
[20]  Dasgupta S, Meisner C, Huq M. 2007. A pinch or a pint? Evidence of pesticide overuse in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1, 91-114.
 
[21]  Dinham B, Malik S. 2003. Pesticides and human rights. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 9, 40-52.
 
[22]  Dongmei Z. 2006. Development of bio-pesticide industry in China. Unpublished PhD thesis, Fujian University of Agriculture and Forestry, Fujian, China.
 
[23]  Drew EA, Gupta VVSR, Roget DK. 2007. Herbicide use, productivity, and nitrogen fixation in field pea (Pisum sativum). Aus J Agr Res. 58:1024-1214.
 
[24]  Ecobichon DJ. 1991. Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Amdur MO, Donl J, Klassen CD, editors. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology. 4th edition. New York: Pergamon Press. p. 2-18.
 
[25]  Elfvendahl S, Mihale M, Kishimba MA, Kylin H. 2004. Pesticide pollution remains severe after cleanup of a stockpile of obsolete pesticides at Vikuge, Tanzania. Ambio, 33, 503-508.
 
[26]  Galloway T, Handy R. 2007. Immunotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides. Ecotoxicology, 12(1-4), 345-363.
 
[27]  Gu X, Tian S. 2005. Pesticide and cancer. World’s Scientific Technology and Develoment, 27(2), 47-52.
 
[28]  Gupta PK. 2004. Pesticide exposure – Indian scene. Toxicology. 198:83-90.
 
[29]  Hans RK, Farooq M. 2000. Dissipation and accumulation kinetics of lindane in soil and earthworms. Pollut Res. 19:394-396.
 
[30]  Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, London SJ, Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP. 2002. Chemical predictors of wheeze among farmer pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 5, 683-689.
 
[31]  Hruska AJ, Corriols M. 2002. The impact of training in integrated pest management among Nicaraguan maize farmers: increased net returns and reduced health risk. Int J Occup Environ Health. 8:191-200.
 
[32]  Hu D, Chen Z, Sun Q. 2006. Implications of production model on farm household income and food safety - a case study of apple industry in Shandong Province. China’s Rural Economy, 11, 17-24.
 
[33]  Huang J, Rozelle S, Pray C. 2002. Enhancing the crops to feed the poor. Nature, 418, 678-684.
 
[34]  Huang Y, Liu L, Pei E. 2008. Vegetative pesticide residue and application behavior in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 20, 319-321.
 
[35]  International Centre for Pesticide Safety (ICPS). 1999. The consequences of reducing the use of pesticides have now been clarified. Pesticide Saf News: 2(3):1-7.
 
[36]  Jeong H, Forster L. 2003. Empirical investigation of agricultural externalities: effects of pesticide use and tillage system on surface water. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, Working Paper: AEDE-WP-0034-03. p. 31.
 
[37]  Jors E. 2004. Acute Pesticide Poisonings Among Small-Scale Farmers in La Paz County, Bolivia [master’s thesis]. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
 
[38]  Kalia A, Gosal SK. 2011. Effect of pesticide application on soil microorganisms, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57:6, 569-596.
 
[39]  Kalia A, Gupta RP. 2004. Disruption of soil foodweb by pesticides. Ind J Ecol. 31(2):85-92.
 
[40]  Kaliyaperumal Karunamoorthi MSc, MPhil, DPHM, PhD , Mubarek Mohammed BSc & Fantahun Wassie, M.Sc. 2012. Knowledge and Practices of Farmers With Reference to Pesticide Management: Implications on Human Health, Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 67:2, 109-116.
 
[41]  Kannan K, Tanabe S, Giesy JP, Tatsukawa R. 1997. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs from Asian and oceanic countries. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 152: 1-55.
 
[42]  Leyk S, Binder CR, Nuckols JR. 2009. Spatial modeling of personalized exposure dynamics: The case of pesticide use in small-scale agricultural production landscapes of the developing world. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(17), 1-16.
 
[43]  Manandhar G. 1992. Effect of fungicides to control head smut disease of maize. Paper presented at the Summer Crops Workshop held at ARS, Rampur from January 28-31, 1992.
 
[44]  Manandhar HK, Thapa BJ, Amatya P. 1985. Efficacy of various fungicides on the control of Rice Blast disease. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. (Nepal) 6: 21-29.
 
[45]  Mekonnen Y, Agonafir T. 2002. Effects of pesticide applications on respiratory health of Ethiopian farm workers. Int J Occup Environ Health.2002; 8: 35-40.
 
[46]  Ministry of Agriculture Development (MoAD). 2013. Report on Chemical fertilizers. Ministry of Agriculture Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 1-8.
 
[47]  Nakata H, Kawazoe M, Arizono K, Abe S, Kitano T, Shimada H, Li W, Ding X. 2002. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in foodstuffs and human tissues from China: status of contamination, historical trend, and human dietary exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 43(4):473-480.
 
[48]  National Agricultural Research Council (NARC). 1997. 25 Years of Maize Research in Nepal (1972-1997). NARC, National Maize Research Program, Nepal. Pp. 1-44.
 
[49]  Nicol A. 2003. Perceptions of pesticides among farmers and farm family members. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
 
[50]  Odokuma LO, Osuagwu C. 2004. Tolerance of chemolithotrophic bacteria to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. J Agr Environ Eng Technol. 1(1):7-15.
 
[51]  Plant Protection Directorate (PPD). 2008. Annual Progress Report, Plant Protection Directorate, Harihabhawan, Kathmandu, Nep al.
 
[52]  Qi L, Fu Z, Shi Y. 2002. Pesticide application technology and food product safety. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 6, 203-206.
 
[53]  Rahman S. 2003. Farm-level pesticide use in Bangladesh: Determinants and awareness. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 95, 241-252.
 
[54]  Sivanesan SD, Krishnamurthi K, Wachasunder SD, Chakrabarti T. 2004. Genotoxicity of pesticide waste contaminated soil and its leachate. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 17, 257-265.
 
[55]  Sofina LI, Kolycheva SS, Zaria NIU. 1993. Pesticide levels in food of pregnant women and newborn in rice growing areas of Kransnodar region. Vopr Pitan. 4: 53-54.
 
[56]  Tariq MI, Hussain I, Afzal S. 2003. Policy measures for the management of water pollution in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Environmental Science, 3, 11-51.
 
[57]  Thapa B, Manandhar HK, Shrestha SM, Pradhan SB. 2012. Use of Pesticides in Nepal and Impacts on Human health and Environment. Ministry of Agriculture Development (MoAD). Vol. 13. Pp. 71-74.
 
[58]  Thapa BJ. 1975. Report on rice diseases. Pages 13-15 in: Summary of the Rice Improvement Workshop, NRIP, Nepal.
 
[59]  Tijani AA. 2006. Pesticide use practices and safety issues: the case of cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. J Hum Ecol. 2006; 19:183-190.
 
[60]  Tuc VP, Wangsuphachart V, Tasanapradit P, Fungladda W, Van Trong P, Nhung NT. 2007. Impacts of pesticide use on semen characteristics among rice farmers in Kienxuong District, Thaibinh Province, Vietnam. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 3, 569-575.
 
[61]  Upadhyay BP. 1983. How to produce a healthy rice seed: a proposal. Paper presented at the National Seed Seminar, Kathmandu, Feb 16-20, 1983.
 
[62]  Waliszewski SM, Carvajal O, Gomez-Arroyo S, Amador-Munoz O, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Hayward-Jones PM, Valencia-Quintana R. 2008. DDT and HCH isomer levels in soils, carrot root and carrot leaf samples. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 81:343-347.
 
[63]  Xu Y. 2004. Survey of improper pesticide application in rice production. Jiangxi Agricultural Technology, 11, 27-28.
 
[64]  Yang T. 2006. An empirical study of agricultural product safety. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
 
[65]  Zhao J, Zhang Z. 2007. Influence factors of safe production of agricultural goods. Statistics Research, 90-92.
 
[66]  Zhou J, Jin A. 2009. Safety of vegetables and the use of pesticides by farmers in China: Evidence from Zhejiang province. Food Control, 20, 1043-1048.
 
Manuscript template