Assessment of Heavy Metals in Johnius Dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) at Downstream Pasur, the Sundarbans Bangladesh

Sayed Tariq Uzzaman¹, Shamshad B. Quaraishi² and Salma Begum^1,

¹Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

²Chemistry division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka-1201, Bangladesh

Cite this paper:
Sayed Tariq Uzzaman, Shamshad B. Quaraishi and Salma Begum. Assessment of Heavy Metals in Johnius Dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) at Downstream Pasur, the Sundarbans Bangladesh. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2024; 12(1):1-6. doi: 10.12691/aees-12-1-1

Abstract

Heavy metals are raising worldwide concerns owing to their potential effects on the environment. The present research analyzed heavy metals in the estuarine fish (Johnius dussumieri) sampled from the downstream Pasur estuarine Kokilmoni area of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, during summer (March) and winter (November), 2022. Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) were measured following a validated and accredited test method using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS; Varian AA Duo 240 FS and Varian 280Z). Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in fish extracts were determined by cold vapor and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) respectively. Mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cr, were 2.93 ± 0.91, 0.057 ± 0.020, 0.144±0.054, 0.164±0.150 and 1.633± 1.450. ANOVA show that mean concentrations of Pb was significantly (p< 0.001) higher than the FAO and WHO recommended value whereas Cd, As and Hg were significantly (p< 0.001) lower. The Levene’s test show winter fish population has significantly higher Pb and Cr concentrations than summer populations (p< 0.05). Pearson Correlation analysis (p<0.05) quantified that Cr is strongly correlated with Pb (r=0.974) and Cd (r=0.612) at the 0.01 level (two tailed), Cd is strongly correlated with Pb (r=0.666). Principal component analysis was executed for the five heavy metals and revealed that two principal components covering 71.86% of the cumulative variance. The PC1 variable loading appeared to strongly be influenced by Pb, Cr, and Cd (0.970, 0.951, and 0.797 respectively). The variables loading on PC2 has influenced by As and Hg. Cumulative variance of component 1 accounts 51.423%, the component 2 accounts 20.445%. Therefore it can be concluded that Pb is supposed to be higher due to anthropogenic influences such as lead–acid battery industries, agricultural pesticides, industrial and different domestic uses of metals in the upstream Pasur. Heavy metals need to be monitored regularly for the sustainable management of the pristine Sundarbans ecosystem. Further time and space bound data is needed to understand the detailed metal trajectory in the coastal fishes of the Sundarbans.

Keywords:
heavy metal Johnius dussumieri assessment the Sundarbans Bangladesh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Kumar, G., Kumar, M., and Ramanathan, A.L., “Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments in the mangrove ecosystem of Gulf of Kachchh, West Coast of India,” Environmental Earth Sciences, 74. 545–556. 2015.
[2]	Mahmud,Y., Hoq, M.E., Nurullah, M., Rahman, M.K., Ahmed,K.K.U., Khan, M.H., Rahman, S.L., and Ali, M.Z., (edited) BFRI Annual Progress Report 13. Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh, 2201. 2017-18.168 p.
[3]	Singh, J.K., Kumar, P., and Kumar, R., “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in mangrove forest sediment of Gulf of Khambhat region, West Coast of India”, Springer Nature Applied Sciences, 2.20-27. 2020.
[4]	Tun,T., M., Raghavan, R., Chao, L., Akhilesh, K.V., and Mohanraj, G., Johnius dussumieri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: [Ebook]e.T49178586A49238987.
[5]	Olaifa, F., Olaifa, A., and Onwude, T., “Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper to the African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus)”, African Journal of Biomedical Research, 7.45-53. 1998.
[6]	Yancheva, V., Stoyanova, S., Velcheva, I.,and Georgieva, E. “Fish as Indicators for Environmental Monitoring and Health Risk”, International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology, 3(1). 000210. 2020.
[7]	Begum, S., Biswas, T., and Islam, M.A., “Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination for the Sustainable Management of the Sundarbans Ecosystem, Bangladesh”, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Water and Environmental Engineering (iCWEE-2022), Rahman, M. M., Rahman, A., & Ouarda, T. B. (editors), 27-30 November 2022, Sydney, Australia. Minto, N.S.W. 283-288: ISBN: 978-0-6456692-0-6.2022.
[8]	Rahman, M.S., “Assessment of heavy metals contamination in selected tropical marine fish species in Bangladesh and their impact on human health”, Environmental Nanotechnology Monitoring & Management, 11(1).100210.2019.
[9]	Abdel-Khalek, A. A., Elhaddad, E., Mamdouh, S. and Marie, M. A. S., “Assessment of metal pollution around sabal drainage in River Nile and its impacts on bioaccumulation level, metals correlation and human risk hazard using Oreochromis niloticus as a bioindicator”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 16. 227–239. 2016.
[10]	Islam, M.M., Akther, S.M., Hossain, M.F., Parvin,Z., “Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in the Sundarbans mangrove soils of Bangladesh”, Scientific Reports in Nature 12.10422 .2022.
[11]	Sarker, K.K., Saha,M.B., Alam,N., Baki,M.A., Shojib,F.H., Quraishi,S.B., and Khan, M.F., “Ecological risk and source apportionmentof heavy metals in surface water and sediments on Saint Martin’s Island in the Bay of Bengal”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(25). 2020.
[12]	Tang, W., Ao, L., Zhang, H., and Shan, B., “Accumulation and risk of heavy metals in relation to agricultural intensification in the river sediments of agricultural regions”. Environmental Earth Science, 71.3945–3951. 2014.
[13]	Aziz, A., andPaul, A.R., “Bangladesh Sundarbans: Present Status of the Environment and Biota”. Diversity, 7(3). 242-269. 2015.
[14]	Hussain, Z., and Acharya, G., “Mangroves of the Sundarbans, Volume Two: Bangladesh, IUCN The World Conservation Union, Bangkok, Thailand, pp257. 1994.
[15]	Ullah, A.K.M.A, Maksud, M.A., Khan, S.R., Lutfa, L.N., and Quraishi, S.B., “Dietary intake of heavy metals from eight highly consumed species of cultured fish and possible human health risk implications in Bangladesh”, Toxicology Reports 4. 574-579. 2017.
[16]	Rashed, M.N., “Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake”. Environment International, 27(1). 27-33.2001.
[17]	Bernas, B., “A new method for decomposition and comprehensive analysis of silicates by atomic absorption spectrometry”. Analytical Chemistry, 40. 1682–1686. 1968.
[18]	Ahmad, J.U., and Goni, M.A., “Heavy metal contamination in water, soil, and vegetables of the industrial areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166. 347–357. 2010.
[19]	Wood, J.M., “Biological cycle for toxic elements in the environment”, Science, 183.1049–1052. 1974.
[20]	Bhandari,G., “An Overview of Agrochemicals and Their Effects on Environment in Nepal.” Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(2). 66-73. 2014.
[21]	Sukumaran,D., “Phyto remediation of Heavy Metals from Industrial Iffluent Using Constructed Wetland Technology”, Applied Ecology and Environmental Science 1 (5).92-97.2013.
[22]	De, TK., De, M., Das, S., Ray, R., and Ghosh, P.B., “Level of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Marine Fishes of Mangrove Dominated Tropical Estuarine Areas of Hooghly River, North East Coast of Bay of Bengal, India”, Buletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 85. 385–390. 2010.
[23]	Reddy, M.S., Mehta, B., Dave, S., Joshi, M., Karthikeyan, L., Sharma, V.K.S., ,Basha, S., Ramachandriah, G., and Bhatt, P., ( “Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some commercial fishes and crabs of the Gulf of Cambay India”, Current Science, 92. 1489–1491. 2007.
[24]	Zehra, I., Kauser, T., Zahir, E., Imam, N.I ., “Determiantion of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn concentration in edible marine fish Acanthopagurus Berda (Dandya) along Baluchistan Coast-Pakistan”, International Journal of Agriculture And Biology, 5.80–82. 2003.
[25]	Allen, P., “Mercury accumulation profiles and their modification by interaction with cadmium and lead in the soft tissues of the cichlid Oreochromis aureus during chronic exposure”, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 53. 684–692. 1994.
[26]	Cohen, T., Hee, S., and Ambrose, R., “Trace metals in fish and invertebrates of three California Coastal Wetlands, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42. 232–242. 2001.
[27]	Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Singh, A., Singh, S., Bhardwaj, A., Kumari, A., Sinha, R.K., and Gupta, A., “Hydro-geochemical analysis of melt water draining from Bilare Banga glacier, Western Himalaya”, Acta Geophysics, 67.651–660. 2019.
[28]	Nour, H.E.S., “Distribution, ecological risk, and source analysis of heavy metals in recent beach sediments of Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191.546-550. 2019.
[29]	Sutherland, R.A., Tolosa, C.A., Tack, F.M.G., and Verloo, M.G., “Characterization of selected element concentrations and enrichment ratios in background and anthropogenically impacted roadside areas” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38. 428–438. 2000.
[30]	Zhang, H., and Shan, B., “Historical records of trace element accumulation in sediments and the relationship with agricultural intensification in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China”, Science of the Total Environment, 399. 113–120. 2008.