Seasonal Effect of CMEs Mass on Pakistan’s Stratospheric Region during 23^rd and 24^th Solar Cycles

Hiba Haq^1, and Saifuddin Jilani¹

¹Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Cite this paper:
Hiba Haq and Saifuddin Jilani. Seasonal Effect of CMEs Mass on Pakistan’s Stratospheric Region during 23^rd and 24^th Solar Cycles. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2023; 11(1):1-7. doi: 10.12691/aees-11-1-1

Abstract

In this paper we investigated the terrestrial seasonal correlation between total column ozone (TCO) and solar variables, viz. mass of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and sunspot number (SSN) over three major cities Karachi (24.870 ^o N & 67.030 ^o E, , Lahore (31.550 ^o N & 74.330 ^o E, and Quetta (30.1798 ^o N & 66.975 ^o E, 1721 m) of Pakistan. The analysis has been carried out for the 23^rd and 24^th solar cycles. The non-stationary characteristics of solar data variables and the impact of climate fluctuations (QBO and ENSO) on TCO have been removed by applying the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique. A polynomial model has been developed between CMEs mass with TCO and SSN with TCO for all three stations during all seasons. The goodness of the model has been checked on basis of the chai square (χ²) test, coefficient of determination (R²), sum square error (SSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The correlation coefficient has been calculated between the studied variables. This study reveals that TCO over all three stations is negatively correlated with CMEs mass and SSN during all seasons. The maximum value of the correlation coefficient between CMEs mass and TCO is observed for the Lahore station during the winter season. Whereas, the maximum value of the correlation coefficient between SSN and TCO is observed for Lahore and Quetta during the spring season. The weakest correlation between CMEs mass with TCO and SSN with TCO is observed for Karachi station during the summer season. The negative correlation between TCO-CMEs mass and TCO-SSN indicates that TCO decreases with increasing the CMEs mass and SSN.

Keywords:
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) CMEs mass Sunspot Number (SSN) Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) Pearson’s Correlation Total Column Ozone (TCO)

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