Histopathology of Brain and Spleen of Freshwater Teleost Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Induced by Organochlorine Insecticide Endosulfan

Bindu Vijayakumari Sudhakaran^1,

¹Department of Zoology, Milad E Sherief Memorial College, Kayamkulam, India

Cite this paper:
Bindu Vijayakumari Sudhakaran. Histopathology of Brain and Spleen of Freshwater Teleost Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Induced by Organochlorine Insecticide Endosulfan. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2021; 9(10):879-884. doi: 10.12691/aees-9-10-5

Abstract

Endosulfan is an important environmental pollutant that is a pesticide of organochlorine. The 24, 48, 72 and 96h median lethal concentrations of endosulfan (35 EC) were assessed by an acute static renewal test. The sublethal concentration taken for the present study is one-tenth of the 96h LC₅₀ and fish were exposed to that concentration (1.69 ppb) for 30 days. The histopathological observations revealed the presence of catecholamine neurons in the optic tectum and severe depletion of the layer stratum grisum periventricular. An altered pattern of neurons as an “interrupted string of pearls” was noticed in the posterior tuberal nucleus. From the present study, we could conclude that endosulfan is a serious toxicant that even affects the vital organs like the brain of vertebrates. Histology of the spleen showed necrosis in red pulp, hyperplasia and exudate in white pulp and an increased number of melanomacrophage centers (MMC) of the exposed fish species. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that endosulfan is highly toxic to edible freshwater fish Anabas testudineus. Subsequently, damage to the structures of cells and tissues and histopathology of target organs comprise a significant parameter to be considered in evaluating the toxic possibility of contaminations on living organisms in various environmental conditions and represent the time exposure to which organisms are subjected.

Keywords:
freshwater teleost endosulfan brain histopathology spleen histopathology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	De Lorenzo, M.E., Scott, G.I. and Ross, P.E. Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20:84-98. 2001.
[2]	Frankart, C., Eullaffroy, P. and Vernet, G. Comparative effects of four herbicides on non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in Lemna minor. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 49: 159-68. 2003.
[3]	Liess, M., Brown, C., Dohmen, P., Duquesne, S., Heimbach, F. and Kreuger, J. Effects of Pesticides in the Field—EPIF. Brussels, Belgium: SETAC Press. 2005.
[4]	Castillo, L.E., Martinez, E., Ruepert, C., Savage, C., Gilek, M., Pinnock, M. and Solis, E. Water quality and macroinvertebrate community response following pesticide applications in a banana plantation, Limon, Costa Rica. Science of the Total Environment. 367:418-32. 2006.
[5]	Wasseling, C., Aragón, A., Castillo, L., Corriols, M., Chaverri, F., de la Cruz, E., Keifer, M., Monge, P., Partanen, T.J., Ruepert, C. and van Wendel de Joode, B. Hazardous pesticides in Central America. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 7(4):287-94. 2001
[6]	Konradsen, F., Van der Hoek, Cole, W., Hutchinson, D.C., Daisley, G.H., Singh, S. and Eddleston, M. Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries-options for restricting the availability of pesticides. Toxicology.192:249-261. 2003.
[7]	Coronado, G.D., Thompson, B., Strong, L., Griffith, W.C and Islas, I. Agricultural task and exposure to organophosphate pesticides among farm workers. Environmental Health Perspectives.112: 142-147. 2004
[8]	Mancini, F. Acute pesticide poisoning among female and male cotton growers in India. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 11: 221-232. 2005.
[9]	Remor, A.P., Totti, C.C., Moreira, D.A., Dutra, G.P., Heuser, V.D. and Boeira, J.M. Occupational exposure of farmworkers to pesticides: biochemical parameters and evaluation of genotoxicity. Environment International. 35: 273-278. 2009.
[10]	Aktar, M.W., Sengupta, D. and Chowdhury, A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2(1):1-12. 2009.
[11]	Johnson, B.I.Environmental studies on man’s self destruction. Minniapolis, D.R.Scoby, 239 pp. 1971.
[12]	Mukhopadyay, R.K. and Dehadrai, P.V. Studies on air breathing catfish Clarias batrachus under malathion sublethal exposure. Ind. J. Exp. Biol, 18: 348-352.1980.
[13]	Gupta, A.K., Anand, M., Ranjana, D. and Dalela, R.C. Toxic effect of chlordane and malathion on certain hematological parameters of the freshwater teleost, Notopterus notopterus. J. Environ. Biol, 16 (3): 219-223. 1995.
[14]	Lallas, P. Reproductive Effects in Birds Exposed to Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals. The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. American Journal of International Law. 95:692-708. 2001.
[15]	Gupta, P.K. Pesticide exposure—Indian scene. Toxicology. 198:83-90. 2004
[16]	FAO. Proceedings of the Asia Regional Workshop. Bangkok: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; 2005.
[17]	Mathew, L.L. Organochloride Pesticide Toxicity. Drugs, Diseases and Procedures Medscape References. 2012.
[18]	Briz, V., Molina-Molina, J.M., Sánchez-Redondo, S., Fernández, M.F., Grimalt, J.O., Olea, N., Rodriguez-Farre, E. and Sunol, C. Differential estrogenic effects of the persistent organochlorine pesticides dieldrin, endosulfan and lindane in primary neuronal cultures. Toxicological Sciences.120 (2):413-27. 2011.
[19]	Schwaiger, J., Fent, K., Stecher, H., Ferling, H. and Negele, R.D. Effects of sublethal concentrations of triphenyltinacetate on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 30: 327-34. 1996.
[20]	Bloch, M.E. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. 6: i-xii + 126. 289-323. 1792.
[21]	Bindu, V.S. and Geetha, P.R. Acute toxicity, Behavioural changes and hemopoietic alterations induced by endosulfan in the freshwater teleost Anabas testudineus. Poll Res, 28 (1): 51-56. 2009.
[22]	Kamrin, M.A. Pesticide profile; Toxicity, Environmental impact and Fate. C.R.C. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, NewYork, pp.205-208. 1997.
[23]	Pandey, S., Nagpure, N.S., Ravindra Kumara., Shilpi Sharma., Satish, K., Srivastava and Verma, M.S. Genotoxicity evaluation of acute doses of endosulfan to freshwater teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch) by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.65: 56-61. 2006.
[24]	Gimeno, L., Ferrando. M.D., Sanchez, S. and Andreu, E. Endosulfan effects on liver and blood of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, Comp. Biochem. Physiol.C 108: 343-348. 1994.
[25]	Lee, S., Kim, S., Lee, H.K., Lee, I.S., Park, J., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.J., Choi, G., Choi, S., Kim, S., Kim, S.Y., Choi, K., Kim, S. and Moon, H.B. Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment. Chemosphere.93(8):1578-1585. 2013.
[26]	Capkin, E., Altinok, I. and Karahan, S. Water quality and fish size affect the toxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, to rainbow trout. Chemosphere 64, 1793-1800. 2006.
[27]	Sarma, K., Pal, A.K. and Sahu, N.P. Biochemical and histological changes in the brain tissue of spotted murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch), exposed to endosulfan. Fish Physiol Biochem 36, 597-603. 2010.
[28]	Tongo, I. I. Toxicological studies on the Effects of Agricultural pesticides (Endosulfan and Diazinon) on Adult Bufo regularis (Reuss, 1833). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Benin. 271pp. 2010.
[29]	Carlson, R.W., Bradbury, S.P., Drummond, R.A. and Hammermesiter, D.E. Neurological effects on startle responses and escape from predation by medaka exposed to organic chemicals. Aquat. Toxicol, 43: 51-68. 1998.
[30]	Roex, E.W.M., Giovannangelo, M. and Van Gestel, C.A. Reproductive impairment in the zebrafish Danio rerio, upon chronic exposure to 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 48: 196-201. 2001.
[31]	Clark, J.M. Insecticides as a tool in probing vital receptors and enzymes in excitable membranes. Pest. Biochem. Physiol, 57: 235-245. 1997.
[32]	Anitha Kumari, S. Effect of water pollution on LDH isoenzymes in fish from Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. A.P. Ph.D. thesis submitted. The Osmania University. Hyderabad. 1998.
[33]	Bose, M.T.J., Ilavazhahan, M., Tamilselvi, R and Viswanathan, M. Effect of heavy metals on the histopathology of gills and brain of freshwater fish Catla catla. Biomed Pharmacol J, 6 (1) 150-155. 2013.
[34]	Erhunmwunse, N.O., Ekaye, S.A., Ainerua, M.O. and Ewere, E.E. Histopathological changes in the Brain Tissue of Africa Catfish exposure to Glyphosate J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 18(2) 275-280. 2014.
[35]	Das, B.K. Studies on the effect of some pesticides and commonly used chemicals on Indian major carp and their ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. 1997.
[36]	Das, B.K. and Mukherjee, S.C. A histological study of carp (Labeo rohita) exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane. Vet Arh 70: 169-180. 2000.
[37]	Garcia-Abiado, M.A., Mbahinzireki, G., Rinchard, J., Lee, K.J. and Dabrowski, K. Effect of diets structure in tilapia, Oreochromis sp., reared in a recirculating system. J. Fish Dis. 27, 359-368. 2004.
[38]	Erol Capkin., Ertugrul Terzi., Halis Boran., Ilhan Yandi, and Ilhan Altinok. Effects of some pesticides on the vital organs of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tissue Cell 42(6): 376-82. 2010.
[39]	Altinok, I. and Erol Capkin. Histopathology of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentration of Methiocarb or endosulfan. Toxicologic. Pathology, 35: 405-410. 2007.
[40]	Montero, D., Blazer, V.S., Socorro, J., Izquierdo, M.S. and Tort, L. Dietary and culture influence on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquaculture. 179, 523-534. 1999.