P. Subash-Babu^1,, Nada Al Saran¹, Ali A Alshatwi^1,

The current study aimed to explore the role of Cissus quadrangularis (L.) stem on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and their application in bone regeneration. Orally administered natural products and its bioactive compounds often results in poor absorption, low solubility, and restricted bioavailability due to their vulnerability to intestinal hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation. To overcome these challenges, bioactive compounds extracted from C. quadrangularis were fabricated into solid lipid nanoparticles (CQ-SLNp) to enhance bioavailability. MTT assay confirmed that the CQ-SLNp found with safe and significantly increased hMSCs proliferation and IC₂₅ was identified. The impact of CQ-SLNp on stimulation of osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs at the lowest concentration was evaluated and compared to osteogenic standard medium alone after 4, 10 and 14 days, according to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining (ALZ) analysis. Bone morphogenic protein-receptor (BMPr) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) associated mRNA levels has been analyzed. CQ-SLNp increased ALZ intensity and ALP activity. BMPr, RUNX2 and Wnt/β-catenin expressions found to be increased in osteogenesis induced hMSCs after 10 days compared to negative control. Although, the osteogenic differentiation was more effective in CQ-SLNp treatment when compared to CQ alone treated cells. We observed enhanced osteogenesis in CQ-SLNp alone treated hMSCs than standard differentiation medium. Taken together, the observed finding suggests that CQ-SLNp exhibited bioavailability and induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, indicative of their potential applications for bone remodeling applications.

Osteoarthritis, C. quadrangularis, solid lipid nanoparticles, bone morphogenic factors, osteogenesis