eng Science and Education Publishing Journal of Food Security 2372-0107 2026-01-19 14 1 8 14 10.12691/jfs-14-1-2 JFS20261412 article OLARINRE Abiola Adebunmi abiola_olarinre@unilesa.edu.ng 1 ADIO Matthew Olufemi 2 AJALA Adedolapo Kemi 3 AJIBOYE Akinyele John 3 JIMOH Suliyat Omolade 3 Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ilesa, Ilesa. Osun State. Nigeria Department of Agricultural Economics Federal University, Oye Ekiti. Ekiti State. Nigeria Department of Agricultural Economics Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Oyo State. Nigeria This research investigates the adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) and its effects on female farmers in South West Nigeria. This research examines the extent of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAP) adoption in a region susceptible to climate variability. It focuses on the determinants influencing adoption decisions and the resulting impacts on productivity and income, giving particular attention to the pivotal role of women in food production. Primary data were collected from 480 randomly chosen female farmers across the study area utilizing a multistage sampling method. Descriptive statistics, Probit regression, and the Endogenous Treatment Effect Model (ETEM) were employed to analyze the data. Findings revealed that access to extension services, education, and land ownership substantially affect adoption decisions. Moreover, individuals who adopted CSAPs exhibited increased productivity and income levels in comparison to those who did not adopt them. The study found that improving women's access to agricultural training, credit resources, and technology is essential for increasing the adoption of CSAP. Policy implications suggest that focused initiatives advocating for gender-sensitive climate resilience techniques can enhance food security and mitigate rural poverty. https://pubs.sciepub.com/jfs/14/1/2/jfs-14-1-2.pdf Climate-Smart Agriculture Female Farmers Adoption Treatment Effect South West Nigeria