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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
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Biomedical Science and Engineering

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Enhancing Hydroxycitric Acid Yield in Garcinia atroviridis: A Strategic Optimization Approach

Hussain Zaki U. K.*, Anvarali M. N., Ahmad S., Mohd. A., Sapiee N. F., Ali M. F.

Food Science and Technology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract: Garcinia atroviridis (asam gelugur) is one of the underutilized plants used frequently in medicine as fruit for reducing weight and excess body fat by halting the glycogen process. The principal acid in this fruit is (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA). The objective of this research was to enhance the concentration of HCA in garcinia powder, intended for utilization as an ingredient in a range of health food items designed to aid in weight management. A pre-treatment method was used on the fruit to achieve the optimal level of HCA content. Three maturity indexes were employed to evaluate and determine the optimum level of HCA. Ten different pre-treatments were analyzed (five pre-treatments added sodium meta-bisulfate) and (five pre-treatments without sodium meta-bisulfate). The existing method for the determination of HCA uses an acid-base titration which gives the total acidity of fruit extracts. The analysis showed that all treatments that added sodium meta-bisulfate gave lower acidity content significantly compared to pre-treatment without sodium meta-bisulfate. Five pre-treatments of the sample showed that the blanching process and enzyme added gave the optimum acidity content compared to the other three treatments. There was no notable distinction in acidity content between the blanching and enzyme-added methods, registering at 45.6% and 46.84%, respectively. These two samples were chosen for the determination of HCA using HPLC. HCA content for blanching and enzyme added were 1.23 and 1.87 gm/freeze-dry samples, respectively. The findings indicate that there were no statistically significant variations in acidity levels between samples at 3 months and 4 months of maturity. Similarly, the analysis of HCA content revealed only marginal differences between the two maturity stages.

Keywords: weight management, underutilized plants, pre-treatment, maturity index

Received March 17, 2024; Revised April 19, 2024; Accepted April 26, 2024

Citation: Hussain Zaki U. K., Anvarali M. N., Ahmad S., Mohd. A., Sapiee N. F., Ali M. F., Enhancing Hydroxycitric Acid Yield in Garcinia atroviridis: A Strategic Optimization Approach. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 12 (5). 236-240. January 2024. doi:10.12691/jfnr-12-5-1

1. Introduction

Obesity has become a global epidemic and a public health crisis, particularly in recent decades, and the prevalence of obesity is still increasing at an alarming rate [1]. The worldwide growth in being overweight or obese is largely due to dietary and lifestyle changes. In Malaysia, approximately 15.7% of adults are obese [2]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics from 2016, more than 42% of Malaysians are overweight. Furthermore, Malaysia has the second-highest obesity rate among children and adolescents in Asia, at around 12.7% [3]. Globalization affects Malaysia, causing a change from traditional diets and lifestyles to more Westernized versions. Obesity increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, dyslipidemia, poor mental health, and osteoarthritis [4].

It’s not surprising given the obesity and obesity-related health risk statistics that the market for weight loss products continues to grow locally and globally. Due to this lucrative industry and advancement in technology, the competition and marketing efforts of every weight loss product are intensified. Some of these products are formulated with ingredients that have been used traditionally for weight loss.

Potential new foods or compounds should be investigated to help prevent obesity. Garcinia atroviridis, known as Asam Gelugur, asam gelugo, or asam keping in Malay is a medium-sized fruit and a large rainforest tree native to peninsular Malaysia. Asam gelugor is frequently used to provide a sour flavor to foods and is typically processed as dried slices. Additionally, it is employed as a conventional treatment for post-partum discomfort. The leaves are also used to treat obesity and high blood pressure. The possibility for garcinia products to be commercialized is increased with the development of such a plethora of products as well as planting material will increase the value of the species within the community and thus contribute to the conservation of the species.

The principal acid in this fruit is (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) [5] is commercialized as a weight management product. It plays crucial roles in body weight and appetite; it prevents the hepatic enzyme production of ATP citrate-lyase. This enzyme converts excess carbohydrates into fat. It also stimulates hepatic glycogen synthesis from glucose [6].

There was limited data on garcinia's clinical uses in treating any kind of health condition. However, an interesting investigation conducted in Thailand using obese women as subjects resulted in promising HCA as an effective weight management agent [7]. Obese women who received HCA as garcinia lost more weight than the control group. It was also proved by a significant reduction in triceps skin fold thickness. A further clinical investigation may be proposed since such a finding provides promising insight into HCA's benefits in managing weight. Moreover, garcinia contains many active constituents that could provide a promising source for treating various diseases. Thus, the current work aimed to enhance the concentration of HCA in garcinia powder using various pre-treatments. In addition, the maturity index has been investigated, given its high content to HCA. For this purpose, the acidity content was determined for the pre-treatment process, and the HCA content was analyzed with HPLC.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Chemical and Reagents

Sodium metabisulfite, sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, acetonitrile, methanol, and enzyme pectinase from Aspergillus niger were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merk KGaA, Germany).

2.2. Materials

Fresh garcinia fruits were collected from Kampung Gajah, Perak. Garcinia at three different maturity unripe (1 month), partially ripe (3 months), and fully ripe (4 months) with no presence of injury was selected for the study. The fruits were stored at room temperature after arriving at the Food Science and Technology Research Centre, MARDI Serdang before being processed.

2.3. Sample Preparation

Upon arrival at the laboratory, the fruits were cleaned and washed using a washer for 15 minutes. The edible portion of the fruits was cut and ground prior to the pretreatment process. The maturity stage of four months was chosen for conducting acidity analysis on 16 pre-treatments (8 pre-treatment added sodium meta-bisulfate) and (8 pre-treatment without sodium meta-bisulfate).

2.4. Proximate Compositions

Proximate analysis was conducted using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [8]. The moisture content was determined by drying samples (10 g) in an air oven at 105°C overnight until a constant weight was achieved. The ash content was determined by incineration at 600±15°C (Method No. 930.05). Protein content was determined based on the Kjeldahl method (Method No. 978.04). A conversion factor of 6.25 was used to convert the measured nitrogen content to protein content. Fat content was determined by using a semi-continuous solvent extraction method (Method No. 930.09). Carbohydrate was calculated by the difference: carbohydrate = 100 - (g moisture + g protein + g fat + g ash).

2.5. Determination of Color

The color of the samples was measured using a reflectance colorimeter (Minolta, CM 3500d, Minolta, Osaka, Japan). The instrument was calibrated with standard black and white tiles before analysis and the mean values of three replicates were reported. The surface color of fruit pulp was measured using the L*, a*, b* scales for the top (central and outer parts) which indicate the lightness, red to green and yellow to blue, respectively.

2.6. Acidity Analysis

10gm of samples were weighed and transferred to the 100ml volumetric flask and made up with distilled water to 100ml. The samples were mixed well and 10ml of the sample mixture was discharged into a 250ml beaker. Then, 3 drops of phenolphthalein were added sample as an indicator. Next, 0.1M of NaOH was titrated into the samples till the pink color persisted for at least 15 seconds. Results were expressed as percentage acid:

2.7. Determination of Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)

HPLC was utilized to determine the hydroxycitric acid (HCA) content in extracts from fruits at three stages of maturity: unripe (1 month), partially ripe (3 months), and fully ripe (4 months). The samples underwent a process of being cut into small pieces and subsequently freeze-dried. Then, 2 grams of the dried samples were extracted using 50 mL of methanol. The analysis was done using IC-PAK Anion HR 4.6x75 column and consisted of acetonitrile and water as a mobile phase. Data were collected using a PDA detector with quantification performed at 210nm. The retention time was 4 minutes (Figure 1).

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Experimental data obtained were subjected to statistical analyses using the commercial SPSS computer program (SPSS Version 21.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were averaged and mean comparisons were performed using ANOVA and a Duncan Multiple Range Test at 95% confidence. All measurements were carried out in triplicate (n = 3).

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Proximate Compositions and Color Value

The proximate composition and color value are shown in Table 1. The findings indicated that there were no notable variances in proximate composition among the three maturity samples. Similarly, the proximate values fell within the ranges documented by Kalsum and Mirfat [9]. Since the fruits were sourced from various locations, variations in their composition, including sugar and carbohydrate content, could influence the hygroscopicity of the fruit powder. Furthermore, differences in fruit maturity should also be considered [10]. In addition, the L reading revealed a progression in color intensity from unripe (1 month) to fully ripe (4 months). This suggests that the samples become lighter as they ripen.

Table 1. Proximate and color value of garcinia

3.2. Acidity Analysis

In the present research, the acidity content was assessed using titratable acidity analysis. The fully ripe (4 months) was used for the acidity analysis. The pre-treatment samples with no added sodium meta-bisulfate gave the highest acidity content compared with added sodium meta-bisulfate (Table 2). It can be concluded that the sodium meta-bisulfate does not influence the yield of acidity content in samples.

Table 2. Acidity content of the pre-treatment process of garcinia

Among all the analyses, pre-treatment samples with added enzyme showed the highest acidity content, followed by blanched treatment, 46.64 + 0.42%, and 42.66 + 1.06%, respectively. Research revealed that enzymatic treatment led to an increase in both yield and filterability in fruit juice [11]. In addition, another study demonstrated that pre-treatments involving blanching and pectinase enzyme pretreatments have an impact on the extraction of papaya fruit juice [12]. Enzymes, specialized proteins, serve as catalysts, aiding chemical reactions by either constructing or breaking down molecules within all living organisms [13], hence increasing some active compounds.

The lowest acidity content was detected in the steam samples. Similarly, a study reported that conventional steaming reduced the volatile compound in salmon [14]. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is suggested that the steam process has the potential to reduce the presence of the compound in the samples.

3.3. Determination and Optimization of Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)

Further analysis of HCA was conducted for both blanching and enzyme treatment. From the analysis, HCA content for blanching and enzyme added were 1.23 and 1.87 gm/freeze-dry samples, respectively (Table 3). No statistically significant difference was observed between both pre-treatments. As a result, both blanching and enzyme addition were utilized for powder development.

Table 3. Acidity and HCA content in 3 maturity stages of garcinia

Next, the HCA content in 3 maturity stages was further investigated. The findings revealed no notable disparities in acidity levels between samples harvested at 3 and 4 months of maturity (35.09 + 0.90 % and 34.73 + 0.96 %), respectively (Table 4). Similarly, no significant distinctions were observed in hydroxycitric acid content between both maturity stages, 1.17 + 0.20 g/DW and 1.30 + 0.16 g/DW, respectively. Considering these findings, it is justifiable to choose samples from both the 3 and 4-month maturity stages for further applications.

Table 4. Acidity and HCA content in 3 maturity stages of garcinia

The acid-base titration method yields elevated values for HCA likely because of the presence of other acids. In contrast, the HPLC method specifically quantifies HCA by measuring its area in the chromatogram. To verify the identity of HCA, its relative retention time was determined by spiking with a standard HCA, which was found to be 4.725 minutes (Figure 1). Our study is in agreement with Asish’s findings, indicating that the titration method tends to yield slightly higher percentage values (ranging from 0.09 to 0.879 in leaves and 0.14 to 3.53 in fruit rinds) compared to the HPLC method. This discrepancy is attributed to the titration method's estimation of total organic acids [15].

Figure 1. Retention time of standard chromatogram

Processing parameters for garcinia powder production were established. A combination of enzyme pretreatment and blanching was applied to a mixture of 3 and 4-month garcinia fruits. The determination of enzyme concentration and blanching duration percentages was conducted using Response Surface Methodology with a Composite Design Center, resulting in a total of 13 runs (Table 5). Statistical analysis revealed that enzyme concentration at 0.30% significantly influenced (p<0.05) the hydroxycitric acid (HCA) content, as did the blanching duration for 13 minutes (Figure 2). In conclusion, both pretreatment methods positively impacted the increase in HCA content in garcinia powder. In conclusion, the optimal parameters for minimizing HCA content in the developed powder were found to be 0.30% enzyme concentration and a blanching duration of 13 minutes.

Table 5. Regression coefficients (R²) and p (probability values) for HCA of garcinia

A study by Bainto et al. reported a negligible change in acid content was observed when heating continued for 20 minutes. HCA present in the inner sections of the fruit proved more resistant to removal through heat treatments, which explains the observed HCA value at 20 minutes [16].

Enzymes play a significant role in the food industry by enhancing yield and production. They facilitate the breakdown and proliferation of cells found in plant tissues into simpler molecules [17,18]. Similarly, another research reported that the enzymatic breakdown of cell walls enhances extraction yield while reducing sugars, soluble dry matter content, galacturonic acid content, and titratable acidity of the resulting products [19]. Our findings align with the aforementioned studies, indicating that blanching and enzyme treatment can elevate the HCA content in the final product.

Figure 2. Respond surface curve plot of pre-treatment of garcinia

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The study was supported and funded by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Selangor, Malaysia.

References

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[3]   | WHO, Obesity and over-weight. 2018.
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[11]   | Sikodia, N., et al., Efficient extraction and clarification of fruit juices using concurrently produced xylano-pectinolytic enzymes. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 2024: p. e10260-e10260.
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[14]   | Dong, M., et al., Insights into the effects of steaming on organoleptic quality of salmon (Salmo salar) integrating multi-omics analysis and electronic sensory system. Food Chemistry, 2024. 434: p. 137372.
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[16]   | Bainto, L., E. Dizon, and K. Castillo-Isrel, Effects of various processing methods on hydroxycitric acid content of “batuan”[Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy] fruits. International Food Research Journal, 2018. 25.
[17]   | Tapre, A. and R. Jain, Pectinases: Enzymes for fruit processing industry. International Food Research Journal, 2014. 21(2): p. 447.
[18]   | Zahra, H., et al., From nature to industry: Harnessing the power of pectinase towards potential biotechnological applications.
[19]   | Dinnella, C., et al., Reversible adsorption of endopectin-lyase to tailor-made core-shell microspheres prepared by dispersion polymerization. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry, 1996. 23(2): p. 133-140.