eng Science and Education Publishing American Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2328-4099 2026-09-15 14 2 22 29 10.12691/ajmbr-14-2-1 AJMBR20261421 article Mahendra Pal palmahendra2@gmail.com 1 Mahek Desai 2 Tesfaye Rebuma 3 Pratibha Dave 4 Claudete Rodrigues Paula 5 Neelima Ranjan 6 Oskar Nowak 7 Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Bharuch, Gujarat, India Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Sheger City Administration, Sebeta sub city Agricultural Office, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia Shashwat Skin Clinic and Consultant at Welfare Hospital and Research Centre, Bharuch, Gujarat, India School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Department of Microbiology, Gajra Raj Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna¨˝, Poland Fungal infections constitute an increasingly important global public health problem and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised and critically ill individuals. They range from highly prevalent superficial mycoses to invasive and disseminated infections with high case-fatality rates. Opportunistic pathogens, such as Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Geotrichum, and Trichosporon cause diverse clinical syndromes, whereas endemic dimorphic fungi including Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, and Talaromyces are strongly influenced by environmental and geographic exposure. Recent global estimates suggest that more than 6.5 million life-threatening invasive fungal infections occur annually, with approximately 3.8 million associated deaths. Climate change may alter fungal ecology, geographic distribution, and human exposure, while antifungal resistance increasingly compromises the effectiveness of the limited therapeutic options available. This review summarizes the epidemiology, major opportunistic and endemic mycoses, global morbidity and mortality, climate-related emergence, and antifungal resistance, and highlights the need for improved surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, antifungal stewardship, access to effective treatment, and coordinated One Health interventions. https://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmbr/14/2/1/ajmbr-14-2-1.pdf Antifungal resistance Climate change Endemic mycoses Fungal infections Global burden One Health Opportunistic mycoses