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American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2025, 13(1), 1-11
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-13-1-1
Open AccessArticle

Current Status of Q Fever and Its Public Health Implications: A Comprehensive Review

Mahendra Pal1, , Ravindra Zende2, Walde Abdisa3, Motuma Regassa4, Melkamu Mekonnen5, Haregawi Tesfaye6 and Nidhi Panicker2

1Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

2Department of Veterinary Public Health, Mumbai Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

3Yayo Woreda, Ilu Ababor Zone, Oromia Ethiopia

4Toke Kutaye Woreda Agricultural Office, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia

5Shaggar city, Sululta subcity, Oromia, Ethiopia

6Hurrumu Woreda, Ilu Ababor Zone, Oromia Ethiopia

Pub. Date: February 13, 2025
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Cite this paper:
Mahendra Pal, Ravindra Zende, Walde Abdisa, Motuma Regassa, Melkamu Mekonnen, Haregawi Tesfaye and Nidhi Panicker. Current Status of Q Fever and Its Public Health Implications: A Comprehensive Review. American Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2025; 13(1):1-11. doi: 10.12691/ajmbr-13-1-1

Abstract

Q fever is a globally significant zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligately intracellular, pleomorphic gram-negative bacterium. It affects various mammals, birds, arthropods, and humans, with cattle, sheep, goats, and ticks serving as primary reservoirs. The bacterium is shed in large quantities through amniotic fluid, placenta, milk, urine, and feces of infected animals, and it can persist in a spore-like form for over 40 months. Airborne transmission, environmental resilience, and high bacterial loads in infected reproductive tissues have classified C. burnetii as a Category B biological terrorism agent. In humans, Q fever presents in acute and chronic forms, causing endocarditis, hepatitis, pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion and stillbirth. The disease manifests with symptoms like abortion, stillbirth, weak offspring in sheep and goats, infertility, metritis, and mastitis in cattle and camels. Diagnostic methods include bacterial isolation, serological assays, PCR, and staining techniques. Treatment involves oxytetracycline in late-gestation livestock and doxycycline as the preferred drug in humans. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) has included Q fever as a notifiable disease due to its public health and economic importance. Effective control measures include vaccination, antibiotic therapy, tick control through insecticides, and rigorous hygiene practices to limit environmental contamination. In Ethiopia, where livestock is integral to livelihoods, further research is crucial to improve surveillance and implement targeted prevention strategies to mitigate its impact on public health and the economy. One Health intervention is needed to mitigate Q fever, which is an important anthropozoonosis of public health importance.

Keywords:
Biological terrorism Coxiella burnetii Doxycycline Economic significance PCR Pubic health Q fever

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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