Behrooz Heidari Dehkordi¹, Fatemeh Saberi^2,, Abtin Ataei³, Hossein Salehfar⁴, Farhad Abdollahzadeh Bina⁵

This study evaluates the performance of Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) and Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination systems integrated with solar energy and conventional boilers. Simulations using numerical software modeled all systems to produce 1200 cubic meters of freshwater per day under similar conditions along the Persian Gulf coast. Results indicate that system type and energy source significantly affect costs, efficiency, and sustainability. The MED-Solar Field system emerged as an economically viable and eco-friendly option, with a production cost of $3.22 per cubic meter in the first year and reduced emissions. The MED-Conventional Boiler system had the lowest cost ($1.55/m³) but relied on fossil fuels. The MSF-Solar Field system, with a high cost of $7.93/m³, was deemed unfeasible due to substantial initial investment. The MSF-Conventional Boiler system, with a cost of $4.66/m³ and high efficiency (85%), demonstrated reasonable economic performance but posed environmental concerns. The study also analyzed the effects of environmental factors on solar system efficiency to enhance future designs. These findings offer insights for selecting optimal desalination technologies across climates, promoting renewable energy integration, cost reduction, and advancing water and energy resource management.

MED-Solar Field system, MED-Conventional Boiler system, MSF-Solar Field system, MSF-Conventional Boiler system, optimization, sensitivity analysis