Spiral galaxies, from galactic collisions, provide additional support for rotating space as the enabling mechanism of high-speed, galactic, stellar orbits¡ªcurrently attributed to ¡°dark matter¡±. The bars, spirals and the sharp transition between the two are simply explained by rotating space. The inner bars indicate linear spatial speed increases over their radius. Smooth spiral arms form due to constant-speed, tangential rotation in outer galactic regions. And sharp transition points, between the two, indicate an abrupt change from linearly increasing spatial speed to constant rotation speed in the outer galaxies. Dark matter gravitational fields would have significant difficulty routinely producing these effects.

dark matter, space, spiral galaxies, spiral arms, galactic bars, and galaxy