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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
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American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
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Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Leaves from Senegal

Yoro Tine*, Alioune Diallo, Khadidiatou Thiam, Cheikhouna Gaye, Benjamin Ndiaye, Idrissa Ndoye, Adama Diedhiou, Mamadou Balde, Matar Seck, Djibril Fall, Julien Paolini, Jean Costa, Alassane Wele

Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP: 5005 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal

Abstract: Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic herb commonly used in the treatment of various diseases. The essential oil yield of H. suaveolens was 0.5%. The analysis of the leaf essential oil by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of 43 compounds accounting for 90.2% of the total composition. The major compounds of the essential oil were sabinene (16.0%), 1,8-cineole (15.0%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%), bicyclogermacrene (10.1%) and β-pinene (8.7%). In perspective, we will carry out a study of the chemical variability of the essential oils of H. suaveolens in Senegal, as well as the evaluation of their biological activities

Keywords: Hyptis suaveolens, leaves, essential oil, sabinene and GC-MS

Received October 18, 2023; Revised November 20, 2023; Accepted November 26, 2023

Citation: Yoro Tine, Alioune Diallo, Khadidiatou Thiam, Cheikhouna Gaye, Benjamin Ndiaye, Idrissa Ndoye, Adama Diedhiou, Mamadou Balde, Matar Seck, Djibril Fall, Julien Paolini, Jean Costa, Alassane Wele, Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Leaves from Senegal. World Journal of Organic Chemistry, 10 (1). 1-3. January 2023. doi:10.12691/wjoc-10-1-1

1. Introduction

Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic herbaceous plant native to tropical America. It is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, cancer, indigestion, colds, pain, fever, infection of uterus, cramps and skin diseases. Some studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of H. suaveolens oil as hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitumor, antifertility, antiplasmodial, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory [1-3].

The chemical composition of the volatile oil of H. suaveolens has been extensively studied in various parts of the world. Eleven chemotypes have been reported, and this includes 1,8-cineole [4-6], sabinene [7,8], β-caryophyllene [9-11], a-pinene [7], spathulenol [12,13], fenchone [14], eugenol [15], a-phellandrene [16], 5-caranol [17], phenanthrene [18] and menthol [19]. To our knowledge, only one study on the chemical composition of this species has been carried out in Senegal. The essential oil was mainly composed of β-caryophyllene (16.63%), sabinene (11.30%), terpinolene (8.58%), limonene (8.45%) and bergamoten (5.26%).

Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterize the chemical composition of H. suaveolens oil by using GC and GC-MS to see if there are other chemotypes in Senegal.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

H. suaveolens fresh leaves were collected in Sindia-Thies (Senegal). The plant material was identified by the technicians from the department of botanical of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa (IFAN) of University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar.

2.2. Extraction of Essential Oil

The Plant material was air-dried for 14 days at room temperature. Sample was hydrodistilled (5h) using a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method recommended in the European Pharmacopoeia [20]. The yield of essential oil (w/w, calculated on dry weight basis) was given in Table 1.

2.3. GC and GC/MS Analysis

The chromatographic analyses were carried out using a Perkin-Elmer Autosystem XL GC apparatus (Walthon, MA, USA) equipped with dual flame ionisation detection (FID) system and fused-silica capillary columns, namely, Rtx-1 (polydimethylsiloxane) and Rtx-wax (poly-ethyleneglycol) (60 m × 0.22 mm i.d; film thickness 0.25 μm). The oven temperature was programmed from 60 to 230°C at 2°C/min and then held isothermally at 230°C for 35 min: hydrogen was employed as carrier gas (1 mL/min). The injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 280°C, and samples were injected (0.2 μL of pure oil) in the split mode (1:50). Retention indices (RI) of compounds were determined relative to the retention times of a series of n-alkanes (C5-C30) by linear interpolation using the Van den Dool and Kratz (1963) equation with the aid of software from Perkin-Elmer (Total Chrom navigator). The relative percentages of the oil constituents were calculated from the GC peak areas, without application of correction factors.

Samples were also analysed with a Perkin-Elmer Turbo mass detector (quadrupole) coupled to a Perkin-ElmerAutosystem XL, equipped with fused-silica capillary columns Rtx-1 and Rtx-Wax. The oven temperature was programmed from 60 to 230°C at 2°C/min and then held isothermally at 230°C (35 min): hydrogen was employed as carrier gas (1 mL/min). The following chromatographic conditions were employed: injection volume, 0.2 μL of pure oil; injector temperature, 280°C; split, 1:80; ion source temperature, 150°C; ionisation energy, 70 eV; MS (EI) acquired over the mass range, 35-350 Da; scan rate, 1 s.

Identiﬁcation of the components was based on: (a) comparison of their GC retention indices (RI) on non-polar and polar columns, determined from the retention times of a series of n-alkanes with linear interpolation, with those of authentic compounds or literature data; (b) on computer matching with commercial mass spectral libraries [21-23] and comparison of spectra with those of our personal library; and (c) comparison of RI and MS spectral data of authentic compounds or literature data.

3. Results and Discussion

The essential oil yield of H. suaveolens was 0.5%. The analysis of the essential oil by GC/FID and GC/MS allowed the identification of 43 compounds accounting for 90.2% of the total composition (Table 1).

The major compounds of the essential oil were sabinene (16.0%), 1,8-cineole (15.0%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%), bicyclogermacrene (10.1%) and β-pinene (8.7%). Hydrocarbon monoterpenes were the most represented chemical class, followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.

This chemotype is different from that reported by Ngom et al. (2014) in Senegal. The essential oil was mainly composed of β-caryophyllene (16.63%), sabinene (11.30%), terpinolene (8.58%), limonene (8.45%) and bergamoten (5.26%) [24]. On the other hand, it is similar to that reported by Noudogbessi et al. (2013) in Benin (sabinene/1,8-cineole/β-caryophellene/terpinolene/β-pinene [25]. Sabinene has been reported as the main compound by several authors of different origins [6-8] [25-29]. β-caryophyllene has been described as the main compound and also secondary in several chemotypes [9-12] [30,31]. Finally, bicyclogermacrene [5,12] [25,32] and β-pinene [27] [33-35] have been reported in a certain number of studies at high levels. These variations could be linked to the harvest period or to the edaphic characteristics inherent to each site of collection of plant material.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil of H. suaveolens

4. Conclusion

The chemical composition of the essential oil of H. suaveolens leaves reported in this study is mainly dominated by sabinene, 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and β-pinene. In perspective, we will carry out a study of chemical variability of the essential oils of H. suaveolens in Senegal, as well as the evaluation of their biological activities.

References

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[29]   | Conti, B., Canale, A., Cioni, P. L., Flamini, G., Rifici, A. 2011. Hyptis suaveolens and Hyptis spicigera (Lamiaceae) essential oils: qualitative analysis, contact toxicity and repellent activity against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). J Pest Sci. 84: 219-228.
[30]   | Malele, R. S., Mutayabarwa, C. K., Mwangi, J. W., Thoithi, G. N., Lopez, A. G., Lucini, E. I., Zygadlo, J. A. 2003. Essential Oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from Tanzania: Composition and Antifungal Activity. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 15: 438-440.
[31]   | Din, L. B., Zakaria, Z., Samsudin, M. W., Brophy, J., Toia, R. F. 1988. Composition of the steam volatile oil from Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Pertanika. 11: 239-47.
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