Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Lone Pair Electron Discriminate Hybridization with Aromatic and Anti Aromatic behavior of Heterocyclic Compounds - Innovative Mnemonics

Arijit Das

Department of Chemistry, Ramthakur College, Agartala -799003, Tripura West, Tripura, India

Abstract: In this approach, formulae based mnemonics by counting lone pair of electrons (localized or delocalized) have been highlighted by innovative and time economic way to enhance interest of students’ who belong to paranoia zone of chemistry for the prediction of Hybridization state of hetero atom and Aromatic, Anti aromatic, non aromatic behavior of different heterocyclic compounds. Here, I have tried to hub three (03) time economic mnemonics by including three (03) formulae for the prediction of hybridization of hetero atom, aromatic and anti aromatic behavior of heterocyclic compounds. This article encourages students to solve multiple choice type questions (MCQs) on ‘Aromaticity of Heterocyclic compounds’ at different competitive examinations in a time economic ground.

Keywords: high school, under graduate student, graduate student, post graduate student, chemical education research, heterocyclic compound, DLP, LLP, hybridization, aromatic, anti aromatic and non aromatic

Citation: Arijit Das, Lone Pair Electron Discriminate Hybridization with Aromatic and Anti Aromatic behavior of Heterocyclic Compounds - Innovative Mnemonics. World Journal of Chemical Education, 6 (2). 95-101. January 2018. doi:10.12691/wjce-6-2-4

1. Introduction

The conventional methods [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] for determination of hybridization state of hetero atom, prediction of aromatic and anti aromatic nature of heterocyclic compound is time consuming. Keeping this in mind, in this article, I have introduced three time economic innovative mnemonics by using three formulae for the prediction of hybridization state of hetero atom, aromatic and anti aromatic nature of heterocyclic compounds containing one, two or more number of hetero atoms to make heterocyclic chemistry metabolic and interesting for students. This study also shows how LP electrons discriminate prediction of hybridization state of hetero atom with identification of its Aromatic and Anti Aromatic nature of heterocyclic compounds.

2. Time Economic Innovative Mnemonics in Heterocyclic Chemistry

2.1. Classification of Lone Pair of Electrons

Loan Pair of electrons can be generally classified into two types as Delocalized lone pair of electron (DLP) and Localized lone pair of electron (LLP) as follows:

i)Delocalized lone pair of electron (DLP): When lone pair of electron of hetero atom undergo delocalization through conjugation then it is to be treated as delocalized lone pair of electron (DLP). Hetero atom (atom containing lone pair of electron) which is directly attached with single bonds only from all ends is to be considered as DLP containing hetero atom and its lone pair is to be treated as DLP.

Eg. In Pyrrole lone pair of N atom is to be treated as DLP because it is directly attached with three single bonds only.

ii) Localized lone pair of electron (LLP): When lone pair of electron of hetero atom does not undergo delocalization through conjugation then it is to be treated as Localized lone pair of electron (LLP). Hetero atom (atom containing lone pair of electron) which is directly attached with single and double bonds with the ring system is to be considered as LLP containing hetero atom and its lone pair is to be treated as localized lone pair of electron (LLP).

Eg. In Pyridine lone pair of N atom is to be treated as LLP because it is directly attached with double and single bonds with the ring system.

2.2. Hybridization State Theory

Prof. Linus Pauling (1931) first developed the Hybridization state theory in order to explain the structure of molecules such as methane (CH₄). This concept was developed for simple chemical systems but this one applied more widely later on and from today’s point of view it is considered an operative empirical for excusing the structures of organic and inorganic compounds along with their related problems.

Conventional method for prediction of hybridization state:

Hybridization state for a molecule can be calculated by the formula 0.5 (V+H−C+A), Where, V = Number of valance electrons in central atom, H = Number of surrounding monovalent atoms, C = Cationic charge, A = Anionic charge.

Innovative Mnemonics for the prediction of hybridization state of hetero atom in the heterocyclic compounds with LLP:

Formula used for the determination of hybridization state:

Power on the Hybridization state of the hetero atom = (Total no of σ bonds around each hetero atom - 1).

This formula should be applicable up to 4 σ bonds.

If the power of the hybridization state will be 03, 02 and 01 then the hybridization state will be sp³, sp² and sp respectively. All single (-) bonds are σ bond, in double bond (=) there is one σ and one π. In addition to these each localized lone pair of electron (LLP) can be treated as one σ bond. Hybridization state of hetero atom with the help of LLP in heterocyclic compounds are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1. (Hybridization state of Hetero atom in Heterocyclic Compounds with the help of LLP)

2.3. Aromaticity

It was first devised by Hückel in 1931.

Conventional method for prediction of Aromatic nature of organic compound:

1. Cyclic molecule,

2. Planer molecule in which all bonded atoms lie in same plane (having sp² hybridized)

3. Conjugated molecule with conjugated π-electron system,

4. Contains (4n + 2) π electrons, where, n is a positive integer (n = 0,1,2,3 etc.)

Conventional method for Anti Aromatic nature of organic Compound:

1. Cyclic molecule, 

2. Planer molecule in which all bonded atoms lie in same plane (having sp² hybridized)

3. Conjugated molecule with conjugated π-electron system,

4. 4nπ electrons, where, n is a positive integer (n = 0,1,2,3 etc.)

Conventional method for identification of Non Aromatic Nature of organic Compound:

If a compound violates any one of the above three conditions (1 or 2 or 3) then it is non aromatic in nature.

Innovative Mnemonics for the Prediction of Aromatic, Anti Aromatic behavior of Heterocyclic

Compounds with DLP:

The present study will be an innovative mnemonic involving calculation of ‘A’ value by just manipulating the no of π bonds within the ring system and delocalized lone pair of electron (DLP) with one (01).

The heterocyclic compound having cyclic, planar, conjugated (i.e. all the carbon atoms having same state of hybridization, sp²) with even number of ‘A’ value will be treated as aromatic in nature and with odd number of ‘A’ value will be treated as anti aromatic in nature.

2.4. Evaluation of A Value

where, πb = number of π bonds with in the ring system; DLP = Delocalized lone pair of electron.

In case of a multi hetero atom based heterocyclic compound, containing both DLP and LLP hetero atoms, Aromatic and Anti Aromatic behaviour should be predicted with respect to DLP based hetero atom only.

But when both the hetero atoms are in the same mode of classification (both DLP or both LLP) then Aromaticity should be predicted with respect to that hetero atom which contains lowest possible position number as per IUPAC nomenclature.

Eg. Imidazole is a multi hetero atom based hetero cyclic compound in which, N1 is DLP based hetero atom and N3 is LLP based hetero atom. In this case Aromaticity should be predicted with respect to the DLP based hetero atom N1.

For N1, A = πb+DLP+1(constant) = 2+1+1 = 4 (even no) - Aromatic

Eg. Pyrimidine is a multi hetero atom based hetero cyclic compound in which, both N1 & N3 are in same environment based hetero atoms (LLP based hetero atoms). In this case Aromaticity should be predicted with respect to N1 (lowest possible position number as per IUPAC nemenclature).

For N1, A = πb+DLP+1(constant) = 3+0+1 = 4 (even no) - Aromatic

Aromaticity of heterocyclic compounds have been illustrated in Table 2.

Table 2. (Aromatic-Anti Aromatic and Non Aromatic behavior of heterocyclic compounds With the help of DLP)

3. Conclusions

It may be expected that these three time economic innovative mnemonics will help the student of chemical education at Undergraduate, Senior Undergraduate and Post-Graduate level to predict hybridization state of hetero atom, aromatic and anti aromatic behaviour of heterocyclic compounds. Experiment in vitro on 100 students showed that by using these three formulae students can save up to 5-10 minutes time in the examination hall to find out the aromatic/anti aromatic character and hybridization state of hetero atom for heterocyclic compounds and their comparative study with respect to the classification of lone pair of electron. On the basis of this, I can strongly recommend to use these three time economic innovative mnemonics including three formulae in the field of heterocyclic chemistry.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the SERB, DST, New Delhi, Govt. of India, for their financial assistance (Sanction no – SERB / F / 5537 / 2013-14 dated 27/11/2013 and D.O. No. SB / EMEQ - 014 / 2013).

In my 41th birthday (14/03/2018), I want to delegate my this innovative research article in the field of heterocyclic chemistry to my beloved father Late Anil Ranjan Das, who was also a chemistry teacher and also founder of my chemistry world ().

Furthermore, I give my special accolade to Mr. Sanit Debroy, Registrar, Tripura University, India and Mr. Sekhar Datta, Senior Journalist,‘The Telegraph’ for their constant valuable sustaining mentality to carry out my innovational research work in the field of chemical education.

In addition to these, finally, I want to give my cordial congratulation to the newly elected Honorable Chief Minister of ‘Tripura’, Mr.Biplab Kumar Deb and Honorable Education & Higher Education Minister of Tripura, Mr.Ratan Lal Nath for their constant valuable sustaining mentality to improve our state ‘Tripura’ in all respect.

References

[1]   | L. Pauling, The Nature Chemical Bond. Application of Results Obtained from the Quantum Mechanics and from a Theory of Paramagnetic Susceptibility to the Structure of Molecules, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1931, 53(4), pp1367-1400.
[2]   | I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol-2, 5th ed., Pearson, 2002, pp606-637, ISBN:81-7808- 164-4.
[3]   | R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th ed., Organic Chemistry, 6th ed., 1992, pp1059-1061, ISBN: 0-87692-765-7.
[4]   | T.W.Graham Solomons and C.B. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 9th ed., Wiley: India, 2012, pp 655-658, ISBN: 978-81-265-3687-0.
[5]   | J.G. Smith, Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., 2008, pp616-619.
[6]   | Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reaction, Mechanisms and Structure, 4th ed. A Willy-Interscience Publication, JOHN WILEY & SONS, New York, 2005, p45, ISBN: 9971-51-257-2.
[7]   | A. Bahl & B.S. Bahl, A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, 22nd ed., S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 2016, pp900-920, ISBN: 978-93-525-3196-7.