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An Autogenic Electromeric Effect as Inductor of an Abnormal Polarization in Pyridine N-Oxide

Francisco Sánchez-Viesca*, Reina Gómez

Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City (CDMX), México

Abstract: Nitration of pyridine N-oxide gives 4-nitropyridine N-oxide. This is an abnormal nitrone reactivity involving an electronic back-donation. However, the textbooks treat this result in a very brief way, without any insight. Which are the experimental antecedents of this reaction? What theory was proposed to explain them? What reactivity is overturned by these proposals? How theory and practice can come to agree on this subject? All these questions will be treated and answered in this communication.

Keywords: nitrone reactivity, electron back-donation, 1,3-Cycloaddition, 1,3-Dipolar structures, Pyridine N- oxide

Citation: Francisco Sánchez-Viesca, Reina Gómez, An Autogenic Electromeric Effect as Inductor of an Abnormal Polarization in Pyridine N-Oxide. World Journal of Chemical Education, 5 (1). 9-11. January 2017. doi:10.12691/wjce-5-1-2

1. Introduction

We present to the teaching community our theoretical findings correcting and up-dating the three excited states proposed by Linton in order to explain the unexpected dipole moment found in pyridine N-oxide [1]. Since the nitration experiments and the ¹³C-NMR studies only support one of the three proposed high energy structures, we discarded the other two. The mechanism involved in the formation of the remaining electromer, an ylide, is problematic and it is discussed. New concepts such as autogenic electromeric effect are invoked in order to explain a back-donation effect. Part of this study is in a preliminary communication [2]. The second part here presented deals with the abnormal chemical deportment exhibited by the nitrone group present in pyridine N-oxide.

This will change the simplistic point of view about this subject found in the Organic Chemistry text books.

2. Discussion

Linton studied the dipole moments of several amine oxides [1] and found that the dipole moment of pyridine N-oxide is appreciably smaller than the expected theoretical value.

Thus, in addition to the ordinary resonance structures derived from the ground state, Figure 1, he proposed the existence of three “excited structures” as contributors.

Figure 1. Normal electromers in pyridine N-oxide

The high energy structures have an electric negative charge on the ring, instead on the oxygen atom, in order to explain the observed small dipole moment in pyridine N-oxide, Figure 2.

There is no doubt about the low dipole value since the microwave spectrum of pyridine N-oxide gave a value even a little smaller [3]. However, only one of the three excited structures has been confirmed, as it will be seen.

Figure 2. Ground state and “excited” (high energy) electromers proposed by Linton in the pyridine N-oxide molecule

Nitration experiments with pyridine N-oxide [4,5,6,7,8] showed that the reaction product is 4- nitropyridine N-oxide, i.e., there is regioselectivity. It is important to note that reaction at C-2 and at C-6 would yield 2-nitropyridine N-oxide, and in a double quantity than that obtained of 4-nitropyridine N-oxide, which is not the case at all. From these experimental results, we discard the excited structures with negative charge at C-2 and at C-6.

Moreover, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy [9] only indicates higher electronic density at C-4 in pyridine N-oxide. This is in agreement with the results of reactions performed much earlier. However, the only acceptable of Linton’s structures presents several problems.

The comparison of the reactivity of pyridine has been made [10]. The N-oxide nitration (at C-4) can be effected much more readily than with pyridine, although the reaction is still more difficult than the nitration of benzene [11,12,13]. This comparison is interesting because it lets us see that even a structure with a carbanion at C-4, and reacting with a nitronium ion, presents a lower reactivity than benzene. So, we deduce that there must be a low population of molecules having that structure.

Moreover, Linton did not gave an explanation as how the high-energy excited-structures can result. The formation of any of them implies an electronic shift contrary to the mesomeric effect of the iminium ion present in the ground state of pyridine N-oxide. In order to form the proposed ylides, the electron-donor effect of the oxygen atom must surpass the opposite mesomeric effect. Thus, a promoter is required. We propose the existence of polarization by intermolecular induction, i.e., participation of an external ion (electromeric effect). In the absence of other reactant, since the dipole moment of pyridine N-oxide was determined in benzene, a non-polar molecule, we deduce the participation of the resonance structure with a positive charge at C-4. This electromer [14,15], with a 1,5-dipole is the most unstable of the ordinary resonance structures, and therefore most reactive, can attract electrons from a molecule in the ground state, as is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Electronic shift by intermolecular induction (autogenic electromeric effect) in pyridine N-oxide

This intermolecular induction can be considered an especial case of the electromeric effect since the external ion does not come from an added reagent.

Thus, this novel interaction was termed Autogenic Electromeric Effect.

The formation of an ylide in pyridine N-oxide, involving electron back-donation, is an abnormal chemical deportment. The ordinary nitrone reactivity takes place through a 1,3-dipole, without formation of any carbanion nor 1,5-dipole.

We can observe the normal nitrone reactivity in the following examples:

a) Dimerization, [16]

b) Catalyzed Addition, [17]

c) Reaction with a cyclic nitrone [18]

d) Homo [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition [19]

e) Cycloaddition [20]

In the above examples there is no formation of any ylide in the nitrone molecule, as it occurs in pyridine N-oxide.

3. Conclusions

1. In order to explain the low dipole moment present in pyridine N-oxide Linton proposed the contribution of three “excited structures”, in addition to the canonical electromers.

2. However, only one of the proposed high energy ylides was confirmed experimentally by nitration experiments and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

3. The formation of the remaining acceptable structure requires a theoretical explanation since it implies an electron shift contrary to the ordinary mesomeric effect of the nitrone iminium-ion, i.e., implies electron back-donation.

4. We have proposed the existence of polarization by intermolecular induction (electromeric effect). In the absence of an external positive ion, as in dipole moment determination in benzene solution, we propose the existence of an autogenic electromeric effect.

5. Due to the above factors, nitration of pyridine N-oxide can be considered an abnormal chemical deportment. This was confirmed by comparison with other reactions involving nitrones and very different reagents, there is no electron back-donation in any other case.

References

[1]   | Linton, E. P., The dipole moments of amine oxides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62(8), 1945-1948.
[2]   | Sánchez-Viesca, F., and Gómez, R., Polarization by intermolecular induction in pyridine N-oxide and its nitration. Am. J. Chem. 2013, 3(5), 136-139.
[3]   | Brown, R. D., Burden, F. R., and Garland, W. Microwave spectrum and dipole moment of pyridine N-oxide. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1970, 7(4), 461-462.
[4]   | Ochiai, E. A new classification of tertiary amine oxides. Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo. 1943, 19, 307-311; Chem. Abstr., vol. 41, col. 5880d, 1947.
[5]   | Ochiai, E., Hayashi, E., and Katada, M. Nitration of pyridine 1- oxide. Yakugaku Zasshi (J. Pharm. Soc. Japan). 1947, 67, 79-81; Chem. Abstr., vol.45, col. 9538a, 1951.
[6]   | Ochiai, E., and Hayashi, E. Nitration of pyridine 1-oxide. Yakugaku Zasshi (J. Pharm. Soc. Japan). 1947, 67, 157; Chem. Abstr., vol.45, col. 9541c, 1951.
[7]   | den Hertog, H. J., and Combé, W. P. Reactivity of 4-nitropyridine N-oxide: Preparation of 4-substituted derivatives of pyridine N-oxide and pyridine. Rec. Trav. Chim. 1951, 70(7), 581-590.
[8]   | Notice of Preparation (NOP) 1004 Nitration of pyridine N-oxide to 4-nitropyridine N-oxide; Bremen University, 2006, http://kriemhild.uft.uni- bremen.de/nop/en/instructions/pdf/1004_en.pdf.
[9]   | Anet, F. A. L., and Yavari, I. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of pyridine N-oxide. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41(22), 3589-3591.
[10]   | Barnes, R. A., A comparison of the structure and reactivity of pyridine and pyridine 1-oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81(8), 1935-1938.
[11]   | Morton, A. A., The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1946, 211.
[12]   | Gattermann, L., Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry, Macmillan, London, 1957, 161-162.
[13]   | Cumming, W. M., Hopper, I. V., and Wheeler, T. S., Systematic Organic Chemistry, 4th. ed., Constable, London, 1950, 276-277.
[14]   | White, J. H., A Reference Book of Chemistry, University of London Press, London, 1960, 47.
[15]   | Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged, “Electromerism”, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2003.
[16]   | Thiesing, J., and Mayer, H., Cyclische Nitrone I: Dimeres 2,3,4,5 - Tetrahydro-pyridin-N-oxyd. Chem. Ber. 1956, 89, 2159-2167.
[17]   | Frantz, D. E., Fassler, R., and Carreira, E. M., Zn(OTf)2 Catalyzed Additions to Nitrones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121(48), 11245-11246.
[18]   | Cordero, F. M., Pisaneschi, F., Gensini, M., Goti, A., and Brandi, A., Cyclic Chiral Nitrones. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 1941-1951.
[19]   | Young, I. S., and Kerr, M. A. The Reaction of Nitrones with Cyclopropanes. Ang. Chem., I. Ed., 2003, 42(26), 3023-3026.
[20]   | Nitrones. Making five member rings with 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions; Windsor, R., University of Liverpool, 2008, http://chemtube3d.com/cycloaddition3.html.