Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Derivatization of Alcohols Using (bmim)HSO₄: A Green Approach for the Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory

Sharda Mahilkar Sonkar*, Sujata Sengupta, Shivani Singh, Anshika Lumb

Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Abstract: Alcohol is one of the functional groups detected as part of qualitative organic analysis. The final identification of alcohol involves the preparation of suitable crystalline derivative, usually the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate. According to the standard procedure, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid is first converted to 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride by reaction with either phosphorous pentachloride (PCl₅) or thionyl chloride (SOCl₂). However, in this reaction, hazardous side products like phosphorous oxychloride (POCl₃), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) are produced. In the present method, we report the direct and benign conversion of alcohols to the corresponding 3,5-dinitrobenzoates using ionic liquid, (bmim)HSO₄ under microwave irradiation.

Keywords: alcohol, qualitative organic analysis, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate, ionic liquid, microwave

Received February 12, 2022; Revised March 15, 2022; Accepted March 23, 2022

Citation: Sharda Mahilkar Sonkar, Sujata Sengupta, Shivani Singh, Anshika Lumb, Derivatization of Alcohols Using (bmim)HSO₄: A Green Approach for the Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory. World Journal of Chemical Education, 10 (2). 62-64. January 2022. doi:10.12691/wjce-10-2-2

1. Introduction

Qualitative analysis of an unknown organic compound for both undergraduate and postgraduate students is an essential part of the chemistry syllabus. This systematic analysis includes preliminary examination, tests for functional groups and preparation of a suitable crystalline derivative. Alcohols, which are mostly liquids, are converted to the corresponding 3,5-dinitrobenzoates and the identification is done through the melting point determination of this derivative. [1,2] The common method of conversion of an alcohol to the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate has the disadvantage of not adhering to the principles of green chemistry. Green chemistry is applying strategies and procedures to reduce or eliminate the usage or production of harmful substances to minimize the damage to the environment. [3] Chemists have begun to create chemical processes that are safer and less polluting by employing the twelve principles of green chemistry. [4,5] Keeping in mind the various principles of green chemistry, there is a need to modify the current method and develop a safe and benign procedure for producing the alcohol derivatives. In the current work, 3,5-dinitrobenzoate derivatives of common alcohols are prepared via a microwave-assisted synthesis using the ionic liquid, (bmim)HSO₄ In recent years, the use of microwave assisted organic synthesis in the undergraduate laboratory has gained much popularity [6,7]. These reactions provide a green approach to chemical synthesis. Generally, microwave assisted reactions offer numerous key advantages, such as, improved energy efficiency, a shorter reaction time and in many cases, reactions may be performed under solventless conditions. [8,9] Ionic liquids are commonly known as designer solvents. They are primarily organic salts with melting points below 100°C and therefore are also known as liquid organic salts. Ionic liquids, in general, display physical properties close to fluids or liquids at ambient temperatures and today, they serve as an excellent alternate solvent for organic synthesis. The attractiveness of use of ionic liquids as solvents in organic synthesis has grown substantially during the past years. [10] (bmim)HSO₄ is an acidic ionic liquid which is used for the preparation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoate from alcohol.

2. Experimental

Alcohols are routinely transformed to the appropriate 3,5-dinitrobenzoates for characterization. [1,2] Traditionally, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid is first converted to the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride followed by reaction with desired alcohol.

3. Conventional Method for Synthesis of 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

Prepared the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride by combining 1.0 g 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid with 1.5 g phosphorus pentachloride (PCl₅) with constant stirring (in a fume cupboard). Next, in a dry boiling tube kept in a heated water bath, the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride so prepared is mixed with desired alcohol (1 mL). The product is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution and water, followed by recrystallization with alcohol. The full procedure generally takes the undergraduate student 45 to 60 minutes to complete.

4. Green Synthesis of 3,5-dinitrobenzoates of Alcohols Using (bmim)HSO₄

In a clean and dry round bottom flask, equimolar amounts of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and the desired alcohol were combined with 3 mL of the ionic liquid, (bmim)HSO₄. The mixture was heated under microwave (Milestone Start Synth) irradiation for 3 minutes at 70°C. Added ice cold water to the reaction mixture for precipitating the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate. To eliminate any unreacted 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, the precipitated ester was filtered and washed with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The pure 3.5-dinitrobenzoate derivative was obtained through recrystallization in alcohol. This microwave assisted preparation takes the undergraduate student only 15-20 minutes from start to finish. The various 3,5-dinitrobenzoates were characterized via melting point.

5. Result and Discussion

The microwave assisted preparation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate derivatives of alcohols using the ionic liquid, (bmim)HSO₄ [Figure 1] is associated with several advantages, which are highlighted below:

• Toxic chemicals like PCl₅ and SOCl2 are not used.

• Generation of hazardous by-products such as hydrogen chloride, phosphorous oxychloride and sulphur dioxide are eliminated.

• The above protocol allows the reduction in time and energy. The reaction times are significantly lower in the microwave assisted method compared to conventional two-step process.

• This modified method works for some secondary alcohols as well, though the yields were generally low. Tertiary alcohols however, failed to undergo the microwave assisted reaction.

Figure 1. Microwave assisted esterification of alcohol using (bmim)HSO₄

Table 1. Microwave assisted esterification of alcohol using bmim (HSO₄)

Various alcohols which are routinely available in the common undergraduate laboratory were used to prepare the 3,5-dinitrobenzoates and identification was through melting point confirmation and listed in Table 1.

Results of this microwave assisted esterification with ionic liquid is overall a greener, cleaner and safer process. The protocol is in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. The procedure proceeds with less chemicals used, generates less waste, is time saving, energy efficient and in general gave better yields.

6. Conclusion

The synthesis of 3,5-dinitro benzoate derivatives of simple alcohols is reported using a simple and environmentally friendly approach. Harmful chemicals are no longer used and undesired by-products are no longer formed. This method works well for most primary and secondary alcohols. The method adheres to the basic green chemistry concepts, making it simple to adopt in an undergraduate chemistry lab.

Acknowledgments

Dr. Sunita Dhingra, Associate Professor (Retd.), Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, was instrumental in guiding and supporting this research. We are grateful to The Principal, Miranda House, University of Delhi, for granting us permission and constant encouragement. We also appreciate the assistance of our undergraduate students and laboratory personnel in completing this research work.

Declaration

The manuscript has been prepared through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]   | Furniss, B. S.; Hannaford, A. J.; Smith, P. W. G. and Tatchell, A. R., Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Eds., Pearson Education Pte. Ltd., Delhi, India, pp. 1241-1242, 2006.
[2]   | Ahluwalia, V. K.; Dhingra, S.; Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry: Qualitative Analysis; Universities Press Private Limited: Hyderabad, India, pp 56, 2000.
[3]   | Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.K. Oxford Green Chemistry - Theory and Practice, University Press, 1998.
[4]   | Green Chemistry: An Introduction, Sujata Sengupta and Sharda M. Sonkar, Prestige Publication, 2019.
[5]   | An Introductory Text on Green Chemistry, Indu Tucker Sidhwani and R.K. Sharma, Wiley Publications, 2020.
[6]   | Martin, Eric; Kellen-Yuen, Cynthia (2007). Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis in the Organic Teaching Lab: A Simple, Greener Wittig Reaction. 84(12), 2004-0.
[7]   | Kappe, C. Oliver; Murphree, S. Shaun (2009). Microwave-Assisted Carbonyl Chemistry for the Undergraduate Laboratory. 86(2), 227–0.
[8]   | A brief review: Microwave assisted organic reaction 1Madhvi A. Surati, 1 Smita Jauhari*, 2K. R. Desai, Archives of Applied Science Research, 2012, 4 (1): 645-661.
[9]   | New Trends in Green Chemistry, Authors: Ahluwalia, V.K., Kidwai, M., 2004, Springer Publications.
[10]   | For a short review of ionic liquids: Ionic Liquids: Prospects and Retrospect, Martyn J. Earle, Suhas P. Katdare and Alwar Ramani, in Green Chemistry: Environment Friendly Alternatives, Rashmi Sanghi and M. M. Srivastava, Narosa Publishing House.
[11]   | Phosphourus pentachloride CAS No. 10026-13-8 [Online], LOBA Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. https://www.lobachemie.com/lab-chemical-msds/MSDS-PHOSPHOROUS-PENTACHLORIDE-CASNO-10026-13-5258A-EN.aspx PDF (accessed on 23 January 2022 at 3.24pm).
[12]   | Thionyl chloride CAS No. 7719-09-7 [Online], LOBA Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, In http://obachemie.com/lab-chemical-msds/MSDS-THIONYL-CHLORIDE-CASNO-7719-09-06282-EN.aspx PDF (accessed on 23 January 2022 at 3.33pm).
[13]   | Hydrogen Chloride CAS No. 7647-01-0 [Online], Sigma-Aldrich, Banglore, India https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/IN/en/sds/SIGMA/H1758 PDF (accessed on 23 January 2022 at 3.36pm).
[14]   | Phosphorus oxychloride CAS No 10025-87-3 [Online], LOBA Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, https://www.lobachemie.com/lab-chemical-msds/MSDS-PHOSPHORUS-OXYCHLORIDE-CASNO-10025-87-05258-EN.aspx PDF (accessed on 23 January 2022 at 3.38pm).
[15]   | Sulphur Dioxide CAS No. 7446-09-05 [Online], Sigma-Aldrich, Banglore, India https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/IN/en/sds/aldrich/295698 PDF (accessed on 23 January 2022 at 3.41pm).