Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Significant Heterosis Detected from Hybridization of Parents with Agro-morphological Variability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Moumouni Konaté*, Sié Salif Sabarikagni Ouattara, Zaliatou Sékoné, Mouniratou Zoungrana, Bégué Dao, Aboubacar Toguyeni, Jacob Sanou

Oilseed and legume crops Program, Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research, 01 BP 910 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso

Abstract: Sesame is an important oilseed crop in Burkina Faso. However, varieties currently under cultivation are low yielding and susceptible to biotic or abiotic stresses. In such a context, an increase in sesame production would be possible either from an increase in the crop cultivation area or improvement of productivity traits. To create new and more productive varieties, seven lines from a local cultivar referred to as Senekuru were crossed with the improved and popular variety S42 during the dry season 2018-19, at Farakoba research station. Mid-parent heterosis, heterobeltiosis and the variability within the material were assessed during the rainy season 2019 using an Augmented Block Design. Standard agronomic practices were applied to the trials. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Mid-parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis varied from cross to cross and from trait to trait. Concerning seed yield, the best value of mid-parent heterosis (87.44%) was obtained with Senekuru-3-1/S42, while Senekuru-2-1/S42 presented the best heterobeltiosis (40.34%). The main yield contributing traits in sesame production were plant height, branch number, and capsule number. Then, it was contended that hybrid seeds can significantly increase sesame productivity, provided that a practical hybridisation approach is applied.

Keywords: hybrid seeds, breeding, cross, self-pollination, Burkina Faso

Received August 20, 2021; Revised September 24, 2021; Accepted October 06, 2021

Citation: Moumouni Konaté, Sié Salif Sabarikagni Ouattara, Zaliatou Sékoné, Mouniratou Zoungrana, Bégué Dao, Aboubacar Toguyeni, Jacob Sanou, Significant Heterosis Detected from Hybridization of Parents with Agro-morphological Variability in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). World Journal of Agricultural Research, 9 (3). 85-91. January 2021. doi:10.12691/wjar-9-3-2

1. Introduction

The cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed crop which may contain more than 50% oil content, and important components as proteins (23%) and antioxidants [1]. Sesame is used in human and animal diets thus providing many nutritional and medical benefits [2,3]. These uses of sesame seed made it a highly demanded crop around the world. The global sesame business was estimated over USD 12 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach about USD 18 billion by 2025 [4]. In Burkina Faso, sesame is the second most exported produce after cotton [5], bringing more than 100 million US dollars per year to the economy [6]. Although sesame productivity is relatively low (~600 kg/ha) [7,8] compared with the crop potential, this appeared to be better than the world average [8]. In many regions, the low productivity is attributable to several factors, including soil poverty, frequent occurrence of abiotic and/or biotic stresses, and the use of low yielding varieties. Genetic improvement is one of the most sustainable ways to face these constraints in order to increase domestic production. Previous researches conducted by the Oil and Oilseed Crops Research Institute (IRHO) led to development of some interesting varieties such as S42 in the 1970s [9]. Since then, S42 remained the most popular variety in the country. Despite its popularity due to seed whiteness and market demand, the variety is old and susceptible to many diseases [10]. Recently, the Institute of Environment and Agriculture Research (INERA) introduced some new varieties from Ethiopia (Wollega and Humera) with potential yields exceeding 1.5 t/ha [11]. Such introduction and current breeding efforts are conducive of sesame productivity improvement in Burkina Faso, through cultivar development, to provide farmers with new high-performing varieties. Therefore, widening the genetic base through strategic hybridization among available germplasms is crucial to create genetic variability that enables varietal selection. Hybridization can lead to the recombination of desirable traits from different varieties into a single crop line following generation advancement up to alleles’ fixation [12,13].

Enhanced sesame productivity can also be achieved by sustained use of best production techniques such as the application of pesticides and fertilizers, and possibly, the adoption of hybrid varieties. Hybrid seeds have been exploited worldwide for the increased productivity of many crop species, including cereals, fruits and vegetables, due to heterosis or hybrid vigour gained in F₁ generation [14,15,16]. Thus, the commercial use of hybrid varieties has driven many seed business worldwide. Hence, the development of hybrid cultivars is desirable to increase crop productivity. However, the application of hybrid seed technology has been overlooked in sesame production [13]. Yet, although sesame is a self-pollinated species, it presents many assets for the production of hybrid seeds: high rate of out crossing (up to 65 %) [17], availability of male sterility [18,19], easy mass hybridization technique [19,20], quantity of seeds produced per flower (Sapara et al. 2019). However, hybrid seeds are worth producing only if significant heterosis is present. With this in mind, the sesame variety S42 (also known as Jaaglon 128) was used to pollinate seven lines from a local population cultivar named Senekuru. Then, we assessed the agro-morphological diversity of all parental lines and the magnitude of heterosis of progenies from their cross with S42. Genotypes exhibited significant differences for all the traits that were assessed. Furthermore, mid-parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis varied depending on the hybrid and the trait. This article presents and discusses the main results of the study.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

The plant material included the variety S42 used as pollen parent, 7 lines extracted from a local cultivar Senekuru, used as female parents, and 7 hybrids from their crosses. The S42 variety is the most grown variety in Burkina Faso and has been very attractive due to its white seeds. The local cultivar Senekuru was a population variety, from which seven lines were isolated and were self-pollinated once before being used for hybridization.

2.2. Experiment Location

Experiments were conducted at Farakoba research station, located about 10 km away from Bobo-Dioulasso (11° 60’ N, 4° 20’ W, and 450 m above sea level). The area which presents ferruginous soils [21] is characterized by a dry- and a rainy-seasons [22]. The rainy season spreads from May to October and is characterized by an annual average rainfall of 1.200 mm [22].

2.3. Hybridizations and F₁ Evaluation

2.3.1. Hybridizations

Hybridizations were performed during the dry season (November 2018 to February 2019). To do so, seven lines derived from the so called local population Senekuru, were used as female parents and variety S42 was the male parent. Sesame hybridisation [23,24] consisted in the emasculation of female parents the afternoon and their hand pollination with the male parent S42 the next day in the morning.

2.3.2. Evaluation of F₁

The evaluation of hybrids (F₁) and parental lines was carried out during the rainy season (July – September 2019). This trial was performed using an augmented block design with S42 as a check and females and hybrids as test genotypes. Test genotypes were sown in single rows of 5 m long, considering each female and its hybrid as an experimental block. The check S42 appeared in each block. Seeds were sown with a spacing of 20 cm x 80 cm. The fertilizers NPK (14-23-14) and urea (46% nitrogen) were applied at the rate of 100 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha, respectively. Standard agronomic management practices and plant protection measures were applied to assure development of healthy plants.

2.4. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis

The sesame descriptor recommendations of IPGRI and NBPGR [25] was used. The data collection concerned traits such as days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, stem diameter, primary and secondary branches per plant, number of internodes, length of internodes, capsule length and width, seeds number per capsule, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per plant. Data measurements were carried out using five plants randomly selected in each entry row, except for characters like days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and 1000-seed weight, which were recorded on the plot basis. The grain yield was calculated according to the procedure described by Garfius [26] (1). The collected data were then subjected to analysis of variance to test the significance of differences between genotypes for each trait. Next, Student Newman Keuls test was used to compare means. Furthermore, mid-parent heterosis (2) and heterobeltiosis (3) were calculated according to Hayes, et al. [27].

[picture] | (1)

(W: yield; X: number of capsules/plant; Y: number of seeds/capsule; Z: seed weight).

[picture] | (2)

(HMP: mid-parent heterosis; XF1: mean of F₁; XMP: mean of the two parents)

[picture] | (3)

(HBP: heterobeltiosis; XF1: mean of F₁; XBP: best parent).

3. Results

3.1. Phenotypic Variability

3.1.1. Phenology-Related Traits

The analyses of variance (ANOVA) of traits related to plant phenology showed significant differences among the genotypes. For traits such as 50% flowering and maturity dates, the ANOVA revealed highly significant (P<0.0001) differences between parental lines and the hybrids (Table 1). The S42 had the shortest duration among parental lines and hybrids. It reached 50% flowering 33 days after sowing (DAS) while hybrids and female lines reached their 50% flowering between 34 and 49 DAS. The female parent S4B-1 showed the latest date of 50% flowering (47 DAS). Depending on varieties, the days to maturity varied between 81 (S42) and 99 (Senekuru-4-3-2/S42) (Table 1).

Table 1. Analysis of variance for phenology-related traits

3.1.2. Morphological Traits

Genotypes were significantly different for the number of primary and secondary branches (P < 0.0001). Parental line Senekuru-4-3-2 had the highest number (11) of primary branches. However, the lowest number of branches (3) was presented by the parental line Senekuru-2-1 (Table 2). Significant differences were also recorded for the plant height at maturity (P < 0.0001) and stem diameter (P = 0.0013). The tallest plant was the hybrid Senekuru-3-1/S42 (188.2 cm) and the shortest plant was S42 with 135.3 cm (Table 2). Also, stem diameters varied significantly (P = 0.0013) between 14.75 mm (S42) and 18.9 mm (Senekuru-3-1).

3.1.3. Yield and Yield Components

Sesame capsules showed significant differences for length (P = 0.0027) and width (P = 0,007). There was also significant variation (P < 0.0001) in the number of capsules per plant across genotypes. The highest number of capsules per plant was recorded with the line S4B-1 (485.8) and the lowest with S42 (67.28). The number of seeds per capsule varied significantly (P < 0.0001) among genotypes, between 33.8 (Senekuru-4-3-1/S42) and 65 (Senekuru-4-2/S42) seeds per capsules. The variation in 1000-seeds’ weight, which was also significant (P = 0.0284), ranged between 2.8 g (S4B-1) and 4.1 g (Senekuru-1-2/ S42). Grain yields were significantly different (P < 0.0001). The best performing genotype for seed yield per plant was S4B-1 (74.5 g/plant) and the worst genotype was S42 (13.35 g/plant). The boxplots show the pattern of grain yields depending on genotypes (Figure 1).

3.2. Correlation between Traits

The Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed variable types of correlations between evaluated traits (Table 4), some of which were significant. Thus, there was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.83) between days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. In addition, grain yields were positively and significantly correlated with traits such as number of primary and secondary branches, plant height, and number of capsules per plant. The 1000 seeds’ weight was significantly but negatively correlated with number of capsules per plant (r = -0.45) and with number of secondary branches (r = -0.46). In addition, plant height was positively correlated with number of capsules (r = 0.55) (Table 4).

Table 2. Analysis of variance for morphological traits

Table 3. Analysis of variance for yield and yield components

Figure 1. Boxplot of seed yield per plant (g) of hybrids and parental lines

Table 4. Correlation coefficients for yield and yield-contributing traits

Table 5. Mid-parent heterosis (HMP) and heterobeltiosis (HBP) of the 7 sesame hybrids for variable traits

3.3. Estimation of Heterosis

Mid-parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis were estimated for seven hybrids based on 12 traits (Table 5). Mid-parent heterosis ranged from -88.89% to 128.57 % and heterobeltiosis ranged from -93.75 % to 45.45 %. Both heterosis and heterobeltiosis were dependent on crosses and traits. High and positive mid-parent heterosis was recorded for the plant duration to maturity, and the highest value was obtained with the hybrid Senekuru-4-3-2/S42 (Table 5). The heterobeltiosis for this trait varied between -3.13 % and 10.00%. Six hybrids had positive mid-parent heterosis for 50% flowering time; however, only two hybrids had positive heterobeltiosis.

Furthermore, mid-parent heterosis varied between -9.39 and 24.55% for plant height, and between 5.48 and 20.14% for stem diameter in all hybrids. Four hybrids showed positive heterosis for plant height, with Senekuru-3-1/S42 presenting the highest value (24.55%). For this trait, heterobeltiosis varied between -21.30 % and 14.82 % for plant height and between -0.23 % and 9.75 % for stem diameter. Additionally, the mid-parent heterosis for the number of primary branch was the highest with the hybrid Senekuru-1-2/S42 (24.53%) and the lowest with Senekuru-3-1/S42 (-25.93%). For the same trait, heterobeltiosis ranged from -42.86 % to 13.79 %. Regarding the length of capsules, all the hybrids showed positive mid-parent heterosis. With regards to 1000-seeds’ weight, the mid-parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis fall in the range between -11.11 % to 20.59 % and -42.71 % to 8.56 %, respectively. For seed yield, the best value of mid-parent heterosis (87.44%) was recorded by Senekuru-3-1/S42 while Senekuru-2-1/S42 recorded the best heterobeltiosis (40.34%).

4. Discussion

The extent and direction of heterosis are important for breeding programmes, and these usually stem for genetic variability of parents involved. In this study, the ANOVA revealed significant differences between parental genotypes and hybrids for all the traits. Such phenotypic variability among the parents involved in the crosses and their breeding values are highly conducive of heterotic response of F₁ hybrids [28]. Heterosis for commercially important traits is attributable to simultaneous expression of many genes modulating agro-morphologic component traits, which favourable alleles interact in hybrid individuals [29], resulting in additive or synergistic effect on target traits [30,31,32,33].

Traits pertaining to plant phenology are very important in plant breeding and can be used to develop new cultivars with durations perfectly adapted to local ecological conditions. The variety S42 proved to be the most early-maturing variety with the shortest duration to 50% flowering and to maturity. The earliness of S42 was reported previously [11,34], and may explain the massive adoption of this variety in Burkina Faso. For such a trait, negative heterosis was desirable. However, none of the hybrids presented a better earliness than parents, indicating that traits related to the plant phenology may not be appropriate target for hybrid production. However, this result might be dependent on parental varieties, because negative heterosis had been attained for earliness in previous studies [35,36,37]. More generally, negative heterosis is sought for traits like earliness and disease susceptibility [38]. Despite the absence of negative heterosis, since five out of seven F₁ progenies were earlier than their parents presenting the longest duration, such hybrids can still be useful by providing some developmental benefits to the crop, be it small.

The hybrids usually exhibited more robust morphologies than parental lines, attributable to heterosis. Sesame plants’ robustness was measured through plant height and stem diameter, which are two important traits for the crop breeding. Indeed, plant height and branch number are known to be positively correlated with yield [39,40], due essentially to the capacity of tall and tillered plants to produce more capsules and thus resulting in more seed yields. The indeterminate growth habit in sesame provides permanent branching and capsule production [39], however, such a trait is not always practical in farming, since it results in progressive seed maturation. Setbacks of progressive seed maturation include lodging, which commonly causes important yield loss. Therefore, determinate growth habit is desirable to obtain grouped crop maturation, facilitate harvest and minimise lodging.

Although only one hybrid showed a positive mid-parent heterosis for 1000-seeds’ weight, this is sufficient to conclude that this trait can be enhanced through hybrid seeds. The negative correlations detected between 1000-seeds’ weight and number of capsules per plant and number of secondary branches, shows that capsule abundance results in reduced seed size. Similar correlations between these traits were reported previously [41]. Yet, in the present study, the highest heterosis was recorded for the number of branches per plant, which correlated well with seed yields. Thus, accrued attention must be observed when selecting simultaneously for seed yield and seed size, to minimise the loss of one target trait for the other. To improve the yield components that have negative association with one another, suitable recombinants should be developed through strategic mating design. Based on mid-parent heterosis value for plant height, female parents like Senekuru-2-1, Senekuru-4-3-2, Senekuru-3-1, Senekuru-4-2, Senekuru-1-2 should be ideal to improve this trait. In the same way, Senekuru-3-1 would make a perfect parent to provide heterosis for number of capsules per plant in combination with variety S42. However, these assumptions are dependent on their combining ability with provisional mating parents.

Concerning seed yield, four out of seven hybrids exhibited positive heterosis, with Senekuru-3-1/S42 exhibiting the best value of mid-parent heterosis (87.44%), while Senekuru-2-1/S42 presented the best heterobeltiosis (40.34%). With this much level of heterosis, hybrid seeds of sesame have the potential to confer near two folds productivity to the crop. This conclusion is also supported by the high and positive heterosis for capsules number per plant, which is an important yield component trait. The present results corroborate with many studies previously conducted elsewhere [42,43].

To conclude, the present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of heterosis in hybrids resulting from genetically diverse genotypes. A high phenotypic diversity was found among genotypes. This diversity within the plant materials was certainly crucial for the expression of heterosis in F₁ progenies. Thus, the cross between local lines and S42 provided good hybrid vigour for several traits, despite the variability in their combining abilities. However, traits do not present heterosis in the same direction in hybrid plants. Therefore, a trade-off is needed between the most targeted traits for the development of the ideal hybrid variety. Mid-parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis varied from cross to cross and showed that overall, hybrid seeds can significantly enhance agro-morphological traits in sesame. As a self-pollinated crop, the challenge would be to develop an efficient and practical cross-pollination method to be commercially viable.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Regional Directorate of INERA (Farako/Bobo-Dioulasso) for providing the facilities and resources to conduct this study.

Statement of Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

[1]   | Alobo, A., Effect of sesame seed flour on millet biscuit characteristics. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 2001, 56, 195-202.
[2]   | Sene, B.; Sarr, F.; Diouf, D.; Sow, M.S.; Traore, D.; Kane, A.; Niang, M., Synthèse des connaissances et quelques acquis de recherche sur le sésame (sesamum indicum l.) au sénégal. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018, 12, 1469.
[3]   | Weiss, E., Oil seed crops Blackwell Sci Led Plant Path 2000, 15, 42-47.
[4]   | Cooper, S. Sesame seeds market size and forecast, by application (food, pharmaceuticals), by region (north america, europe, asia pacific, rest of the world) and trend analysis, 2015-2025. www.hexaresearch.com (22 Avril 2021).
[5]   | Traoré, F., Rapport de pré diagnostic des filières bétail – viande et sésame. 2012, 60 p.
[6]   | IMCG, I.M.M.C.G., Analyse de la chaîne de valeur du sésame au burkina faso. 2018, 211 p.

[7]  
Zagré, B., M, Amélioration variétale et élargissement des bases génétiques de quatre cultures importantes au burkina faso: L'arachide (arachis hypogaea); le sésame (sesamum indicum l); et le voandzou (vigna subterranea l.) verdc. Habilitation à diriger les recherches (hdr). Université de ouagadougou, burkina faso. 2014, 69 p.

[8]   | FAO, F.d., Available at Faostat database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation: Rome, Italy, 2019.
[9]   | Ouattara, B. Etude de la variabilité dans une collection de sésame (sesamum indicum l.). Mémoire de fin d'études. Institut Supérieur Polytechnique (I.S.P.), Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso., 1985.
[10]   | Tingueri, B.; Zida, E.; Neya, B.J.; Kuwahara, M., Maladies et insectes du sésame. In Manuel de technique de production de semencescertifiées au burkina faso, 2 ed.; INERA, SNS, JICA: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2018; pp 22-31.
[11]   | Ily, S., S, A. Description et production de semences de pré-base de trois variétés de sésame. Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2011.
[12]   | Najeeb, U.; Mirza, M.; Jilani, G.; Mubashir, A.; Zhou, W., Sesame. In Technological innovations in major world oil crops, volume 1, Springer: 2012; Vol. 1, pp 131-145.
[13]   | Jeeva, G.; Saravanan, K.; Sowmiya, C., Assessment of combining ability and standard heterosis through diallel analysis in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 2020, 11, 386-391.
[14]   | Shull, G.H., The composition of a field of maize. Journal of Heredity 1908, 296-301.
[15]   | Demarly, Y.; Sibi, M., Amélioration des plantes et biotechnologie. John Libbey Eurotext: France, 1996; Vol. 1, p 151 p.
[16]   | Khan, M.A.; Mirza, M.Y.; Akmal, M.; Ali, N.; Khan, I., Genetic parameters and their implications for yield improvement in sesame. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 2007, 23, 623 p.
[17]   | Brar, G.S.; Ahuja, K., Sesame: Its culture, genetics, breeding and biochemistry. Annual reviews of plant sciences 1980.
[18]   | Mazzani, B., Sesame growing in venezuela 1980-84. Sesame and Safflower Status and Potentials 1985, 86-89.
[19]   | Ramalingam, R.; Rangaswami, R.; Narayanan, S., Hybrid sesame group discussion. Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad 1994, 23-26.
[20]   | Yadav, L.N.; Mishra, A.K., Line x tester analysis of heterosis and combining ability in sesame. Sesame Safflower Newsletter 1991, 5, 46-54.
[21]   | Bado, B.V. Rôle des légumineuses sur la fertilité des sols ferrugineux tropicaux des zones guinéenne et soudanienne du burkina faso. Université Laval, Québec, Québec 2002.
[22]   | Badolo, H., Monographie de la région des hauts bassins. Finances, M.d.l.E.e.d., Ed. Ouagadougou, (Burkina Faso), 2009; p 154.
[23]   | Janila, P.; Manohar, S.S.; Deshmukh, D.B.; Chaudhari, S.; Papaiah, V.; Variath, M., Standard operating procedures for groundnut breeding and testing. Documentation, ICRISAT: Hyderabad, India, 2018; p 22.
[24]   | Langham, D.G., Genetics of sesame. Journal of Heredity 1947, 38, 347-352.
[25]   | IPGRI; NBPGR, Descriptors for sesame (sesamum spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India: 2004; p 63 p.
[26]   | Garfius, G.E., A geometry for plant breeding. Crop Science 1964, 4, 241-246.
[27]   | Hayes, H.K.; Immer, F.R.; Smith, D.C., Methods in plant breeding. McGraw-Hill publishing co., Inc., New York 1955, 551 p.
[28]   | Young, J.B.; Virmani, S.S., Effects of cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for agronomic traits in rice (oryza sativa l.). Euphytica 1990, 48, 177-188.
[29]   | Jatothu, J., Lal; Dangi, K.S.; Kumar, S.S., Evaluation of sesame crosses for heterosis of yield and yield attributing traits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 2013, 51, 84-91.
[30]   | Crow, J.F., Alternative hypotheses of hybrid vigor. Genetics. 1948, 33, 477.
[31]   | Davenport, C.B., Degeneration, albinism and inbreeding. Science 1908, 28, 454-455.
[32]   | Bruce, A., The mendelian theory of heredity and the augmentation of vigor. Science 1910, 32, 627-628.
[33]   | Shull, G.H., A pure-line method in corn breeding. Journal of Heredity 1909, 51-58.

[34]  
Badiel, B.; Nana, R.; Konate, B.; Nanema, L.; Djinet, A.I.; Nguinambaye, M.M.; Tamini, Z., Évaluation agromorphophysiologique de quatre variétés et de six lignées de sésame (sesamum indicum) cultivées dans les conditions naturelles au champ. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 2016, 16, 657-665.

[35]   | Rao, S., Heterosis and per se performance in kharif sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Research on Crops 2011, 12, 185-187.
[36]   | Shekhawat, N.R.; Macwana, S.S.; Choudhary, R.; Patel, B.R., Line x tester analysis in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Intern. Quarterly J. of Life Sci., The Bioscan,(Suplmnt. on Gen. and Pl. Breed.) 2014, 9, 1657-1660.
[37]   | Virani, M.; Vachhani, J.; Kachhadia, V.; Chavadhari, R.; Mungala, R., Heterosis studies in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 2017, 8, 1006-1012.
[38]   | Monpara, B.; Pawar, A., Evaluation of hybrids for heterosis breeding in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 2016, 7, 1183-1187.
[39]   | Yol, E.; Karaman, E.; Furat, S.; Uzun, B., Assessment of selection criteria in sesame by using correlation coefficients, path and factor analyses. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2010, 4, 598.
[40]   | Aye, M.; Khaing, T.; Hom, N., Morphological characterization and genetic divergence in myanmar sesame (sesamum indicum l.) germplasm. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2018, 6, 297-307.
[41]   | Alake, C.; Ojo, D.; Adebisi, M.; Ayo-Vaughan, M., Selection criteria for nigerian sesame (sesamum indicum l.) genotypes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 2010, 48, 49-51.
[42]   | Prajapati, N.; Patel, C.; Bhatt, A.; Prajapati, K.; Patel, K., Heterosis in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2010, 6, 91-93.
[43]   | Parimala, K.; Swarnalatha, I.; Bharathi, D.V.; Raghu, B.; Srikrishnalatha, K.; Reddy, A.V., Heterosis for yield and its component traits in sesame (sesamum indicum l.). Int. J. Applied Bio. and Pharmaceutical Technology (IJABPT). 4(4): 65-68. 2013.