Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Control of White Grubs Adoretus emarginatus Ohaus and Heteronychus licas klug (coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Sugarcane

Omer R. M. Rahama, Abdalla M. Abdalla, Ahmed M. El Naim*

Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Sudan

Abstract: White grubs Adoretus emarginatus Ohaus and Heteronychus licas Klug are beetles belonging to (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) sited among the serious subterranean pests of sugarcane Succharum officinarum L. (Graminae) in The Kenana Sugar Farm in Sudan. In this study, previous work on chemical control and population dynamic of the pest is reviewed. Field experiments and surveys were maintained for the two consecutive seasons ( ), in Kenana sugar farm targeting the white grubs as pests of the cane crop. Two concentrations from each of the three chemicals insecticides namely Dursban, Regent and Tafaban Chlorpyriphos, were tested for their efficacy against the white grubs. Tafaban 1L. /fed gave the best efficacy against the white grubs with average number of dead grubs (17.467± 1.4430).

Keywords: white grubs, control, sugar cane, Kenana, Sudan

Received July 02, 2014; Revised July 11, 2014; Accepted July 14, 2014

Citation: Omer R. M. Rahama, Abdalla M. Abdalla, Ahmed M. El Naim, Control of White Grubs Adoretus emarginatus Ohaus and Heteronychus licas klug (coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Sugarcane. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (4). 155-158. January 2014. doi:10.12691/wjar-2-4-3

1. Introduction

Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae) is an important field crop as far as cane sugar industry in Sudan is concerned. The crop is widely grown in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics especially in the Caribbean islands, Latin America, Africa, South-East Asia and elsewhere in the World. In Sudan there, five sugar factories had been established. Kenana is the largest sugar factory in Africa [1] Insect pest, among other factors, are considered as one of the main problems that reduce average productivity per unit area. Among the most important insect pest of sugarcane are scarabid beetles like Adoretus emarginatus Ohaus and Heteronychus licas Klug. Which are commonly known as white grubs. They are the most serious pests of sugarcane. The beetles have three larval instars with the third instar causing the greatest damage. These larvae are generally found immediately beneath cane stools in infested fields. Normally, only cane roots are eaten by the grubs, although, in some cases the base of the cane stalks is also eaten and larvae may tunnel into it. Infested cane shows signs of water stress and lodging occurs in severely infested cane, and the crop may be deteriorating to such a degree that harvesting becomes uneconomic. In northern Tanzania white grubs had been observed to reduce yield from 125 tons/ha of plant cane and 60 tons/ha of ratoon crop, to an average of 50 tons/ha in both plant cane and ratoon crop [2]. The two species of the white grubs are widely distributed around the world. For instant, H. licas is mainly distributed in east, west and South Africa. Many authors reported this species as a serious pest of sugarcane, grasses, yam, swamp rice, maize, wheat, barely and natural pasture [3-10]. In India and South East Asia, H. licas is reported by some authors as a pest of sugar-cane and potato [11,12,13]. Adoretus emarginatus Ohaus is distributed in east and South Africa and reported to attack sugarcane, leaves of cacao, grasses, some legumes and tobacco.

Flight time starts about (40 min.) after sunset during the grand flight period between November and January in Mauritius, but is much shorter, about (40 min.), at the start in October and towards the end in February; the lasts about two hour. Heteronychus licas is a nocturnal flier. There are two flight seasons during generation in Nigeria. The first lasts from April to June and is a primary flight of the new generation adults. The second usually occurs in late October and November and is distinctly a pre-reproductive flight; females caught at this time had well-developed ovaries and oviposited readily when kept in moist soil. [4,10,14]. The adults of H. licas feed on new shoots just below the ground level, destroying the growing point and causing the central heart or the whole shoot to wither and die. Such damage is readily visible in young ratoon cane (2-3 weeks) after harvest. The beetles are subsequently capable of completely destroying the primary diminish as the shoots got older, because the growing points are then above the ground and the beetles rarely right though the stem causing the litters to die back. For this reasons it was at first believed that the damage was confined to young tillers in late season crops. Beetles are active feeders on cane of all ages, boring into both young and mature stalks and leaving a hole (0.01-0.15 m) in diameter at the base of stalk leading in to an enlarged chamber. Cane damaged in this way does not die, but injury causes serious growth check and loss of uniformity, which is generally the only indication of beetle activity until the stools are inspected below ground level [6]. Damage caused by larvae, while the main food of the first instars larvae is organic matter in the soil, the second instars, as grows, feeds progressively more on green plant material, while the third instars feeds voraciously on the host plant.

The chemical control of Heteronychus spp., and other sugarcane beetles has largely been successful with the introduction of dust formulation of BHC and other soil insecticides. Aldrin (2.5%), dust, which has already been used gave a satisfactory control. It could be applied at planting by a duster mounted on a tractor so that the cane sets are dusted in the furrow and then covered up the plough in one operation. At the rate of (1-2 1b/ha ), on such heavy soils, the persistence of aldrin would ensure a high mortality of both larvae and adults for over six months [10]. There were reductions in the numbers of grubs treated by granular insecticides of Sevidal 8% 40 kg/fed, Diazonon 10% gram. 20 kg/fed, Diazinon 5% gram. 35 kg/fed, Lindane 5% gram. 35 kg/fed, Gardona 5% gram. 30 kg/fed, [15]. Heteronychus licas the soil treatment at the time of plating is the only practical means of applying insecticide to the main feeding zone to control H. licas. Insecticides can be applied either as a 50% W.P. or 15% E.C. at the rate of 2 kg/ha. a.i. sprayed in a band over the planting furrow before the sets are covered back [6]. Control of the beetle during feeding activity in the bushes and on trees was attempted with BHC and D.D.T (0.25 percent suspension) [16]. Isofenphos 10 g at 20 kg /ha., applied in furrow at the base of the sugarcane crop gave the best control of grubs and Quinalphos 5 g at 20 kg/ha, gave the best result [17]. Bendiocarb has been reported to have excellent activity against many species of white grubs [18]. Several insecticides applied at the soil against were compared white grubs, Telodrin (Isobenzan) at 2.3 kg.a.i./ha, was the most effective [19]. Heteronychus licas and Adoretus fusculus has been associated with damage to sugarcane in South Africa. Trials of insecticides including aldicarb, chlopyrifos, carbosulfan isozofos and ethoprophos suppressed number of white grubs in the soil [20]. Heteronychus arator controlled with carbosulfan 25% EC at 125 cm³/100 m, and Landine in granules had some merits as a curative measure. Although treatments applied in liquid form on to the soil surface or into the planting furrow gave substantially inferior results compared with granular treatments. Carbosulfem EC was one of the more effective insecticides [21]. Several insecticides tested with the same varieties of cane crop, Carbofuran at 2 kg/ha, applied to furrow and incorporated, gave the best control of Heteronychus spp. [22]. Lindane 5% granules at 200 g/100 m and chlorpyrifos 3% granules at 240 g/100 m gave outstanding control of Heteronychus on maize in South Africa [23,24].

2. Materials and Methods

Sugarcane field (ratoon crop number five) infested with white grubs was selected to evaluated the performance of three insecticides viz: Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 480 EC, Chlorpyriphos (Tafaban) 48% EC and Phenylpyrozole (Regent) 200 SC. Two concentrations from each of the mentioned insecticides were applied to have the following six treatments in addition to the untreated control:

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 480 Ec at rate of (480 g a.i./fd(0.42ha)).

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 480 EC at rate of (720 g a.i./fd).

Chlorpyriphos (Tafaban) 48% EC at rate of (480 g a.i. /fd).

Chlorpyriphos (Tafaban) 48% EC at rate of (720g a.i./fd).

Phenylpyrozole (Regent) 200 SC at rate of (50 g a.i/fd).

Phenylpyrazole (Regent), 200 SC at rate of (75 g a.i/fd).

The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The plot size was two furrows 1.55 meter a part and 50 meter long, then plot area 50m x 3.1 m. The standard cultural practices adopted in Kenana Sugar Company were followed. Insecticides sprayed using (acp3 lever) pre pressurized nap-sack sprayer at an application rate of 80 L./fed. The plots were irrigated immediately after treatment application. Pre-spraying count of white grubs was made thee days before spray. Three pits of 1m x0.5mx 025m each were made in each plot one month after spraying and white grubs were counted. . A comparison between the counts before and after spraying was made and accordingly the efficacy of each chemical was determined.

3. Results and Discussion

In these field tests two different concentrations from each of the three chemical insecticides namely chlorpyriphos (Dursban 480 EC) chlorpyriphos (Tafaban 48% EC) and phenylpyrazole (Regent 200 SC) were applied were against the white grubs Adoretus emarginatus Ohous, and Heteronychus licas Klug. The six treatments were chlorpyriphos (Dursban 480 EC) at 1.0 L/fed and 1.5 L/fed, chlorpyriphos (Tafaban 48% EC) at 1.0 L/fed and at 1.5 L/fed and phenylpyrazole (Regent 200 SE) at 0.250 L/fed and at 0.375 L/fed

Table 1. shows the mean numbers of dead white grubs in each treatment during season (2000/01). The results showed that the chlorpyriphos (Tafaban and Dursban) were more effective for control white grubs compared with phenylpyrazole treatments.

Table 1. Mean number of dead white grubs Adoretus emarginatus and Heteronychus licas after one month from spraying with control agent under field condition in Kenana Sugar Farm, season (2000/01)

In the second season (2001/02) the results (Table 2) showed that the mortality rate of white grubs increased with increased the concentration of insecticide. The highest numbers of dead white grubs (17.3) were obtained under the treatment of Chlorpyriphos (Tafaban 480 EC) at rate of 1.5 L/fed.

Table 2. Mean number of dead white grubs Adoretus emarginatus and Heteronychus licas after one month from spraying with control agent under field condition in Kenana Sugar Farm. Season (2001/02)

Results of the combined analysis of data of dead white grubs were 17.350, 15.317, 13.550, 12.083, 11.867, 11.617 and 0.967 for Chlorpyriphos (Tafaban 480 EC) at 1.5 L/fed, chlorpyriphos (Tafaban 480 EC) at 1.0 L/fed, chlorpyriphos (Dursban 48% EC) at 1.5 L/fed, phenylpyrazole (Regent 200 SC) at 0.250 L/fed, phenylpyrazole (Regent 200 SC) at 0.375 L/fed, (Dursban 48% EC) at 1.0 L/fed and control, respecting the orders of different treatments. (Table 3).

Table 3. Mean number of dead white grubs Adoretus emerginatus and Heteronychus licas after one month from spraying with control agent under field condition in Kenana ( combine analysis for the two seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002)

A very high significant different (P < 0.05) among the different treatment of the tested control agent in both seasons (2000/2001 and 2001/2002) were obtained when Duncan´s mean comparison was run (Appendix 1 and 2) shows the analysis of variance of respective seasons. Analysis of variance combines of two seasons show very high significant difference (P < 0.05) among different treatments of insecticides trial.

The results of the screening of chemicals insecticides against the white grubs performed during the course of this study are clearly indicating that Chloropyriphs (Tafaban 48% EC) was the best chemical control agent. The tested concentrations of this insecticide gave the highest average numbers of dead white grubs in comparison with the other investigated insecticides throughout the two seasons. Screened control agents. Comparing the performance of the tested Tafaban 48% EC concentrations, plots treated at 1.5 L/fed gave highest number of dead white grubs than Tafaban 48% EC applied at 1.0 L/fed. Tafaban 48% EC was followed by Dursban 480 EC applied at 1.5 L/fed. The lowest numbers of dead white grubs were obtained from plots treated with Phenylpyrazole (Regent 200 SC) at 0.250 L/fed and 0.375 L/fed. These results are in line with the results reported earlier by Carnegie [9] who indicated that Chloropyriphos is superior, in efficacy against white grubs, to some other insecticides. Accordingly, he concluded that white grubs populations could be suppressed in the soil when Chloropyriphos is applied in South Africa Moreover, Drinkwatre [23] and Kakar et al., [24], they separately reported that Chloropyriphos is already in use against the white grubs in South Africa and in Zimbabwe especially in field of maize crop

4. Conclusions

The results of the screening of chemicals insecticides against the white grubs are clearly indicating that Chloropyriphs (Tafaban 48% EC) was the best chemical control agent. The tested concentrations of this insecticide gave the highest average numbers of dead white grubs in comparison with the other investigated insecticides.

References

[1]   | Elnour, A. E., Eljack, M. A, Situation of pest and disease 998/1999. Kenana Sugar Company, Sugar Research Department Pathology and Entomology Section, Sudan, 1999.
[2]   | Waiyaki, J. N, The Ecology of white grub of sugarcane. Cochliotis melolonthoides with notes in light trap captures of the adult beetles. Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Arusha, Tanzania, ISSCT, Manila, Philippines, 1980.
[3]   | Vercambre, B, Consultancy report on sugarcane entomology at Kenana Sugar Company LTD, Sudan, p. 14, 39, 1997
[4]   | Rajaballee, A., Govendasamy, M., Ganeshan, S, Biology and ecology of sugarcane white grubs in Mauritius. Proce., XX1Cong., Int. Soc. Suguco. Tech, 1995.
[5]   | Khalafalla, M. Z, White grubs as pest of sugarcane. Kenana Sugar Company, Agronomy Department, Sudan, 1986.
[6]   | Cackett, K, EReport on damage to sugarcane by the Dynastid beetle, Heteronychus licas klug. ISSCT. Manila, Philippines, 1980
[7]   | Agyen-sampong, M. “Out break of Heteronychus oryzae in rice seedlings near Rokupr, Sierrra leone,” International Rice Research News Letter, 2 (6),16-17, 1977
[8]   | Dechambre, R. P, “Contribution to the biological study of northern Sengal (Coleopter: Dynastidae),” Bulletin de I Institude Fondamental Afrique noine, 39 (2), 340-345, 1977.
[9]   | Carnegie, A. J. M. White grubs (Scarabaeoidea) continue to cause sporadic damage to sugarcane in South Africa and Swaziland. Proceeding of the Sixty-second Annual Congress SouthAfrica Sugar Tachnologists, Association, held at Durban and Mount Edgecombe, 6 to 9 June, 1988, pp. 161-163, 1988.
[10]   | Tayler, T. AIBOLA on the bionomic and ecology Heteronychus licas (Coleoptera, Dynastinae ), a new pest of sugarcane in Nigeria. Depart. Agri Bio. Univ. Ibadon, Nigeria, 1965.
[11]   | Matthiessen, J.N. African black beetle population regulation in Ameditaerranean climate region An emigma Resolued Proceeding of the 7th Australasim Conference on grass land Invertebrate Ecology, pp. 57-62, 1999.
[12]   | Samson,P. R., Downs, P.R. Efficay of Terbufos against African black beetle. Proceeding of the 1994 Conference of the Australian Sociaty of Sugarcane Technologists held at Townsville, Queen land, 26th April to 29th April 1994, pp. 159-163, 1994.
[13]   | Kushwaha, K.S. Sharms, S. K, “Occurrence of Heteronychus lioderes Redt. as apest of paddy in Haryana,” Indian Journal of Entomology, 45 (3), 767-771, 1983.
[14]   | Nagamine, M, “Founa of white grubs in sugarcane field of Okinawa and their relative importance as pests of sugar cane,” ISSCt, Manila, Philippines, 1980.
[15]   | Tantawi, A. M., Manmoug, A.A, El. Attar, M.M, Studies on the chemical control of the white grub; Pentodon bisbinnosus Kun. In sugarcane field TP 359, 1988.
[16]   | Avasthy, P.N, The problem of white grubs of sugarcane in Indid. ISSCT, PVERTD –Rico, 1965.
[17]   | Srivastava, A.S., Basant singh, Anjor, R., “Control of white grub, Holotrchia serrata Fab. (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) infesting sugarcane crop,” C.S.Azat Univ. of Agri and Tech., Kanpur Indian Sugar, 32 (10), 673-675, 1983.
[18]   | Surles, W.W., Ekins, W.L., “Chemical control of sugarcane white grubs, Holotricha serrata (Coleoptera :Melolonthidae) infesting sugarcane crop,” C.S.Azad, Univ.of Agri. and Tech. Kanpur, India sugar, 32 (10): 673-675, 1979.
[19]   | Rao, N., Murty, GR.K., “Chemical control of sugarcane white grubs, Holotrichia serrata (Melolonthidae: Coleoptera) Regional Agri. Station,” Andhra Pradesh Agei. Univer. Scie., and Culture, 43 (5): 228-229, 1977.
[20]   | Carnegie, A. J. M., Sugarcane white grubs (Scararbaeoidea) and their control in South Africa. PROC. ISSCT X V. 498-512, 1974.
[21]   | Drinkwater, T. W. “The efficacy of insecticides in the control of black maize beetle Heteronychus arartor (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in maize in South Africa.” Phytophylactica, 19 (3): 275-277. 1987.
[22]   | Gupta, S. C., Hameed, S. F., Durbey, S. l., “Evalution of some insecticides against black beetle in sugarcane spring crop,” Indian Sugar Crops Journal, 10, (1): 14-16, 1984.
[23]   | Drinkwater, T. W., “The control of black maize beetle, Heteronychus arartor (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in maize in South Africa,” Phytophlactica, 14 (4): 165-167, 1982.
[24]   | Karkar, K. L., Shama, O.P., Dogra, G. S., “Control of black beetle Heteronychus lioderes Redt. (Coleoptera: Dyanstidae), damaging maize,” Indian Journal of Agri. Sci., 48 (9): 550-553, 1978.