Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Variation in Essential Oil Constituents of the Leaf of Anacardium Occidentale found in Ondo, South Western-Nigeria

Jesumoroti Omobolanle Janet, Oderinlo Ogunyemi Olajide, Oluwafemi Kola Augustus*, Olagbadegun Oluwakemi Janet

Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria

Abstract: GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from the fresh leaves of Anacardium occidentale from Nigeria detected sixty components. The essential oil was hydro-distilled by using Clevenger-type apparatus. The main constituents in the essential oil from the leaves were beta-caryophyllene (17.36 %), alpha-copane (13.50 %), germacrene D. (10.67 %), germacrene B (9.93 %) and gamma-cadinene (8.17 %).

Keywords: Anarcardium occidentale, essential oils, hydro-distillation and germacrene B and climate change

Citation: Jesumoroti Omobolanle Janet, Oderinlo Ogunyemi Olajide, Oluwafemi Kola Augustus, Olagbadegun Oluwakemi Janet, Variation in Essential Oil Constituents of the Leaf of Anacardium Occidentale found in Ondo, South Western-Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3 (1). 10-16. January 2015. doi:10.12691/wjac-3-1-2

1. Introduction

Essential oils are volatile compounds from natural sources, usually plants. [1]

Essential oils of a large number of plants possess useful biological, pharmacological and therapeutical activities and are commercially important compounds. Their utilization in the various industries is influenced by the nature of their constituents.[2] Volatile oils have been associated with different plant parts including leaves, stems, flowers, roots or rhizomes.[3]

The Anacardiaceae family is a rich source of these volatile oils. [4] Anacardium occidentale is native to the north-east coast of Brazil, and it is widely cultivated throughout the tropics. The world largest producer of cashew nut (A. occidentale) in 2010 was Nigeria. [5] Its various parts are widely used in traditional system of medicine for treating sores, snakes bites and rashes, the leaves of A. occidentale also possess antifungal, antidiarrheal and antipyretic activities. [6]

It is known that the essential oil composition pattern could be affected by the geographical and climatic conditions.[7] Burt, in year 2004 also reported that the chemical constituents of essential oils may vary based on the extraction methods, harvesting seasons and geographical sources.[8] Previous study on the essential oil extracted from the leaf of A. occidentale from Nigeria shows variation in the chemical composition; limonene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol and alpha-ylangene have been observed to be the major constituents. [9] Study has also shown that beta-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, germacrene D, p-cymene and beta-ocimene are the predominant components.[10] Another Study about the essential oils of leaves of A. occidentale from Minas Gerais State in Brazil described the major oil composition to be E-caryophylene, Germacrene D, alpha- copane, cadinene, Bicyclogermacrene and Germacrene B, [11] while the essential oils of A. occidentale Maia, et al. (2000) from Para State in Brazil was found to contain (E)-beta-ocimene, alpha-copaene, (E)-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene. [12]

This report seeks to investigate further on the variations in composition observed in the leave oils of A. occidentale plant with respect to geographical location.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

The leaves of Anacardium occidentale were collected in April, 2013 at the premises of Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo state, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by Mr. Ibhanesebhor G. of the herbarium section, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A voucher specimen IFE 17003 was deposited at the herbarium.

2.2. Isolation of the essential oil

Fresh leaves of the plant were cut from the tree branch. The leaves were then reduced into smaller size to increase surface area and washed with distilled water; 200 g of the leaves was water-distilled by Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h. The oil phase was trapped with 1 mL of hexane. The oil obtained was separated from the aqueous phase, the solvent was allowed to evaporate under ambient room temperature and stored under refrigeration prior to analysis.

2.3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The essential oils were analyzed using Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC/MS system powered with HP ChemStation Rev. A 09.01[1206] Software. The capillary column type was HP-5MS (30.0 m × 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 μm). The carrier gas was hydrogen at constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and average velocity of 37 cm/s; the pressure was 22 psi. The initial column temperature was set at 100 °C (hold for 2 min) to the final temperature of 250 °C at the rate of 5 °C /min, Volume injected was 1.0 μL and split ratio was 20:1.

2.4. Identification of Constituents

The total chromatogram was auto-integrated by ChemStation and the constituents were identified by comparison with published mass spectral database (NIST02.L) and data from literature. Alkanes were used as reference points in the calculation of relative retention indices (RRIs). Relative percentage amounts of the separated compounds were calculated automatically from peak areas of the total ion chromatograms.

3. Results

The GC Chromatogram showing the components of the essential oil is as shown below (Figure 1). Selected calibration curves along with correlation coefficients of standards are presented in Figure 2 to Figure 7.

Figure 1. Chromatogram of essential oil of Anarcarcdium occidentale

Table 1. Chemical Components of the Leaf Oil of Anacardium occidentale

Figure 2. Chromatogram of standards (mixture)

Figure 3. calibration curve of cymene

Figure 4. Calibration curve of myrcene

Figure 5. Calibration curve of phytol

Figure 6. Calibration curve of citronellol

Figure 7. Calibration curve of alpha copane

4. Discussion

Sixty volatile oils were identified from the leaf of A. occidentale found in Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria and these are listed in Table 1.

This study has shown that the essential oils of A. occidentale found in South-western-Nigeria is rich in beta-caryophylene (17.36 %), alpha-copane (13.50 %), germacrene D (10.67 %), germecrene B (9.93 %) and gamma-cadinene (8.17 %), with higher percentage compositions as compared to earlier reported essential oils analyses of A. occidentale done in Nigeria {see [9] and [10]}. The present result is at disparity with these {[9] and [10]} earlier reports from Nigeria in both compositions and yields.

This study reports for the first time, the presence of germacrene B in the leaf of A. occidental from Nigeria.

The percentage yield (9.93 %) of germacrene B obtained in the present report was found to be higher when compared to what was obtained from A. occidentale in Brazil (7.3 %)in year 2012. [11]

All the major constituents reported in this study were found in similar or slightly higher percentage yield and composition when compared to Ricardo et al. (E-caryophylene (15.4 %), Germacrene D. (11.5 %), alpha- copane (10.3 %), cadinene (9.3 %), Bicyclogermacrene (8.2 %) and Germacrene B (7.3 %)) and Maia, et al. ((E)-beta-ocimene (28.8 %), alpha-copaene (13.6 %), (E)-caryophyllene (7.6 %), and δ-cadinene (9.1 %) {see [11]}.

The report is in aggreement with published report of Dzamic et al,. based on the presence of beta-phellandrene (42.7 %), (E)-caryophylene (4.4 %), alpha-pinene (4.3 %), germacrene D (4.0 %), p-cymene (3.2 %) and (E)-beta-ocimene (3.1 %)) and Morokola et al. based on the presence of limonene (85.9 %), beta-caryophelene (1.7 %), alpha-pinene (1.5 %), alpha-terpineol (1.1 %) and alpha-ylangene (1.0 %) in good yield, respectively, {see [9] and [10]}.

However, beta-phellandrene and alpha-ylangene which were reported as the predominant components in the earlier report of Dzamic et al. and Morokola et al are conspicuously absent in our present study and this could be attributed to varying geographical location and climate change,{see [9] and [10]}.

It is interesting to observe that beta-caryophelene which was present in small proportion of 4.4 % and 1.7 % in Dzamic et al. and Morokola et al respectively is detected in large amount (17.36 %) as a major constituent in this present study. These can be as a result of variation in geographical area or locality of the plant and genetic variability. [14]

In conclusion, the chemical compositions of the essential oils of the leaf of A. occidentale are affected by environmental factors such as the current climate change due to climate forcings. However, some similarities could be found in their composition regardless of the geographical and climatic conditions as revealed by this study.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Mr. Ibhanesebhor G. of the herbarium section, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria for the identification of the plant. We also acknowledge Mrs Adamolekun and Miss Ajayi Wunmi for their technical support.

References

[1]   | Martinez MJA, Lazaro RM, del Olmo LMB, Benito PB. Anti-infectious activity in the anthemideae tribe. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2008, 35: 445-516.
[2]   | Ekundayo O. Essential oil composition of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Progress in Essential Oil Research.1986. C. Walter de Gruyter & Co. Berlin, New York – Printed in Germany.
[3]   | Firn R. Nature’s Chemicals.2010 Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp 74-75.
[4]   | Pandit SS, Kulkarni RS, Chidley HG, Giri AP, Pujari KH, Köllner TG, Degenhardt J, Gershenzon J, Gupta VS. Changes in volatile composition during fruit development and ripening of ‘Alphonso’ mango. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2009, 89, 2071-2081.
[5]   | FAO. 2011. Major food and agricultural commodities and producers-Countries by commodity.
[6]   | Dahake PA, Joshi DV, Joshi BA. Antimicrobial screening of different extract of Anacardium occidental leaves. International Journal of Chem.Tech.Research.2009, 1(4):856- 858
[7]   | Arras G, Grell GE. Wild thyme, Thymus capitatus, essential oil seasonal changes and antimycotic activity. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1992, 67, 197-202.
[8]   | Burt S. Essential oils; their antimicrobial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International journal of food microbiology. 2004, 94; 223-253.
[9]   | Moronkola DO, Kasali AA, Ekundayo O. Composition of the limonene dominated leaf oil of Nigeria Anacardium occidentale. J. Essent. Oil Res.2007, 19, 351-353.
[10]   | Dzamic A, Gbolade, A, Ristic, Marin, PD (2009). Essential oil composition of Anacardium occidentale from Nigeria. Chem. Nat. Compd., 45, 441-442.
[11]   | Ricardo MM, Luiz CAB., Antonio JD, Cleber JS, Nelio JA, Fyaz MDI, Maria C AB. Exposure to anacardiaceae volatile oils and their constituents induces lipid peroxidation within food-borne bacteria cells. Molecules. 2012, 17, 9728-9740.
[12]   | Maia, JGS., Andrade, EHA, Zoghbi MGB. Volatile Constituents of the Leaves, Fruits and Flowers of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). J. Food Compos. Anal.2000, 13, 227-232.
[13]   | Adams, R P. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation.1995. IL.
[14]   | Castro, HG, Oliveira, LO, Barbosa, LCA, Ferreira, FA, Silva DJH, Mosquim PR, Nascimento, EA. Content and composition of the essential oil of mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides). Quim. Nova.2004, 27: 55-57.