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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Public Health Research
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The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
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Dear Label_Name,

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I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

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Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
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Dear Label_Name,

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I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
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Biomedical Science and Engineering

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Delaying of Exponential Solution When Using Integral Factor Analysis Method to Solve Differential Equations

Kajisa T.

Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu-city, Japan

Abstract: It was confirmed that the results given by the integral factor method showed the delaying of response in the numerical experiments using the advection-diffusion equation. However, the exponential solutions given by the integral factor method were not very smooth compared to the analytically correct solution. On the other hand, a delay in the exponential solution was clearly found for an increasing time increment. Therefore it is important to make the time increment shorter step by step, to check the delaying when applying this integral factor method. It would be expected that the exponential solution given by the integral factor analysis method shown here would have the same expression. That would mean that this method had great potential and could be widely used.

Keywords: integral factor method, exponential Taylor method, advection–diffusion equation

Received August 03, 2021; Revised September 05, 2021; Accepted September 14, 2021

Citation: Kajisa T., Delaying of Exponential Solution When Using Integral Factor Analysis Method to Solve Differential Equations. Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory, 9 (1). 17-21. January 2021. doi:10.12691/tjant-9-1-3

1. Introduction

For engineers, for example, a basic ability to solve partial differential equations is often needed. Some of the equations include terms of the first and second orders of the differential of the distance, and some include a diffusion term, as the advection–diffusion equation that follows.

[picture] | (1)

In which, is distance, is time, and are the constant.

The right-hand side of equation (1) is often converted to a finite differential expression for distance. In such a case, equation (1) will be an ordinal differential equation to which, sometimes, the integral factor method can be applied.

Kitagawa and Muramaki [1] show that, about the solution given by the integral factor method, there is no cut-off error due to and no numerical instability caused by an increase in the discrete step length for time The solution from the integral factor method is expressed as an exponential function. It is therefore the same as the solution using the method called the exponential finite difference method (Inan and Bahadir [2]). The “explicit exponential finite difference method” was originally developed by Bhattacharya [3]. It seems that there are two ways to develop the original method. The first is to make the basic scheme of the equation implicit [2], and the other is to make the exponential function have a larger order, following the exponential Taylor method (Koskela and Ostermann [4]), or to add the optional term, (Ayinde and Ibijola [5]).

On the other hand, the potential for the application of the integral factor method is so great that the equation is needless to include a diffusive term (see Figure 1). In engineering, the exponential solution given by applying the integral factor method looks very helpful because there is no rigid condition on getting a stabilized solution. This had been used in a real application in soil science, for example by Kajisa and Ermolin [1]. However the property of the errors of this method still does not seem clear. Therefore, engineers need to know the kind of incorrect solution that can appear in this stabilized solution. For discussion, in this paper, the integral factor method is applied to equation (1).

2. Numerical Experiments

2.1. Finite Difference Method (Method A)

As the explicit method to solve equation (1), the following transformed equation is often used.

[picture] | (2-a)

The solution is given analytically as follows:

[picture] | (3-a)

Because in this paper we are interested in the explicit method, includes no term, as follows:

[picture] | (4-a)

The solution is expressed as follows from (3-a):

[picture] | (5-a)

From Savović and Djordjevich [6], the next two equations are used as the conditions for the solution.

[picture] | (6-a)

[picture] | (7-a)

In which,

[picture] | (8)

The method in which equations (2-a)-(7-a) are used is hereafter called method A.

Figure 1. An example of the process followed to get a stabilized exponential solution by the integral factor method

2.2. Integral Factor Method (Method B)

To make the correctness up, in equation (4-a) is changed to which includes the continuous time from to Although only the summarized ordinary differential equation is shown in the reference, we accept it as follows.

[picture] | (2-b)

Therefore,

[picture] | (3-b)

in which, not only but also do not include

[picture] | (4-b)

The parameter do not included Therefore, it is defined as a constant in this paper. The that appears in the right-hand side in equation (4-a) is treated as in equation (1), in which changes from to continuously.

The solution is given analytically as follows, by integrating (3-b) for time from to .

[picture] | (5-b)

The aim of this paper is to discuss the properties of using equation (5-b), as compared with equation (5-a).

In [7], the method using (3-b) is called the “integral factor method”. From [7], since the integral factor method solves the equation analytically, the cut-off error due to does not occur if there is no numerical instability caused by the increasing Although in [1] we proposed the next equation (9) as the condition for the use of (5-b), only (6-a) is used in this paper, because it is duplicated.

[picture] | (9)

The method in which equations (2-b)-(5-a) are used is called method B hereafter.

2.3. The Analytical Solutions (Method C)

Because the correct analytical solutions are different according to the initial or boundary conditions, the solutions were shown and discussed in a style of the step response and the impulse response as following the system engineering. The analytical method here is hereafter called method C.

2.3.1. The Step Response

As the conditions, the next three equations are used for the step response.

For such conditions, the analytical solution is as follows [6]:

[picture] | (10)

[picture] | (11)

2.3.2. The Impulse Response

As the conditions, the next three equations are used for the impulse response.

For such conditions, the analytical solution is as follows:

[picture] | (12)

2.4. The Simulations

Hereafter, the suffixes and are used to express the distance and time

[picture] | (13)

[picture] | (14)

For the three predicted methods, the three simulations that follow (case 1, case 2, and case 3) are carried out for discussion purposes. The properties of these simulations are shown in Table 1. In any case in Table 1, the conditions shown in (6-a) and (7-a) are not strongly satisfied for the purposes of this paper.

Table 1. Properties of the conditions for the numerical experiment

For the experiment, as an example, is 1, for is 200. In Table 1, time is defined as the time used in the impulse response, with 10 as an example.

Because is 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, for is 40, 20, and 14 for case 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Time defined as the time for showing the results is 36. Therefore, for is 144, 72, and 48 for case 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

3. Results

Figure 2. Step response by method A (tview is 36)

The solutions are given by the three methods A, B, and C for cases 1, 2, and 3. The results for the step response are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. After that, the results for the impulse response are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

In Figure 2, for the finite difference method (method A), the numerical instability is shown only for case 3, for which the conditions of equation (6-a) and (7-a) are not satisfied.

In Figure 3, for the integral factor method (method B), no numerical instability is shown, as predicted. The delay made by method B compared with the correct solution by method C gets larger for the cases from 1 to 3.

In Figure 4, for the finite difference method (method A), numerical instability is shown only for case 3. In detail, the peak of case A was larger than the peak given by the correct method C in case 2.

In Figure 5, for the integral factor method (method B), no numerical instability is shown, as predicted. The delaying made by method B compared with the correct solution by method C gets larger for the cases from 1 to 3. In detail, the peak is smaller than the correct solution by the method C in case 2.

Figure 3. Step response in method B and C (tview is 36)

Figure 4. Impulse response by method A (tview is 36)

Figure 5. Impulse response by method B and C (tview is 36)

4. Discussion

Before looking at the results, it would have been presumed that the solutions would show a moving average by method B, because it is known to show no instability. However, the six graphs of results by method B shown in Figure 2 and Figure 5 are not very smooth compared with the correct solution by method C. We note a delay in Figure 3 and Figure 5, and the smoothing is not easy to see. The peak value would not have the large error.

By both method B and C, the result for case 1 seems better than that for case 2. Therefore it is important for engineers to test how their results change by setting to be smaller and smaller after getting the first solution. The instability often stops the simulation system. Therefore, Method B that show no instability, would be helpful for the engineers. The delaying will be almost the only weak point for the engineering to take care.

5. Summary

1. It was confirmed that the results given by the integral factor method showed the delaying of response in the numerical experiments using the advection-diffusion equation.

2. For applying this method, the basic equation model are needless to have the exact diffusion term. That would mean that this method have the ability to be widely used to get the smoothed solution.

3. For this kind of exponential solution, there will be no instability to stop any numerical simulation. Therefore, it is recommended that the delaying to be checked by making the time increment shorter and shorter.

Acknowledgements

The term “integral factor method” is used to mean “exponential Taylor method (of the first order)” in this paper. Additionally, “the exponential function method” and the “exponential finite difference method” are almost the same here. Some of these terms seem to be used for engineering studies and others for mathematics studies. They are not distinguished here in detail, because we have mentioned the explicit first order problem.

References

[1]   | Kajisa T., Ermolin Y., The stabilized answer of diffusion equation for unsteady 3-D unsaturated subsurface flow analysis, December 2000, International Agricultural Engineering Conference, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, 2000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343787565.
[2]   | Inan B., A.R. Bahadir, Numerical solution of the one-dimensional Burgers' equation: Implicit and fully implicit exponential finite difference methods, Pramana, 2013. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12043-013-0599-z.
[3]   | Bhattacharya M.C., Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 21, 239 (1985).
[4]   | Koskela A. and Ostermann A., Exponential Taylor methods: Analysis and implementation, A Ostermann - Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 65, 487-499, 2013.
[5]   | Ayinde S.O., Ibijola E.A., A new Numerical Method for Solving First Order Differential Equtions, American journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, vol. 3, no. 4, 2015: 156-160.
[6]   | Savović S., Djordjevich A., Explicit finite difference solution of for contaminant transport problems with constant and oscillating boundary conditions, Thermal Science, May 2020.
[7]   | Kitagawa M., Murakami Y., Stable and highly accurate numerical solution of nonlinear wave equations, New progress in research on nonlinear wave phenomena, Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 1800: 226-235, 2012 (in Japanese).