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Note on a Partition Function Which Assumes All Integral Values

Manvendra Tamba

Department of Mathematics, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India

Abstract: Let G(n) denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts which are of the form 2m, 3m, 5m, 6m-3, 8m-3, 9m-3 or 11m-3 with parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3 being even in number minus the number of them with parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3 being odd in number. In this paper, we prove that G(n) assumes all integral values and does so infinitely often.

Keywords: partition functions, Gaussian integers, Jacobi’s triple product identity

Received November 06, 2014; Revised November 17, 2014; Accepted November 27, 2014

Citation: Manvendra Tamba, Note on a Partition Function Which Assumes All Integral Values. Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory, 2 (6). 220-222. January 2014. doi:10.12691/tjant-2-6-5

1. Introduction

Let S(n) denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts with even rank minus the number with odd rank (see [2]). Andrew, Dyson and Hickerson [3] used the arithmetic of to show that S(n) takes on every integral value infinitely often. This is the first time the interaction between the theory of partitions and algebraic number theory was exhibited. It was remarked in [3] that they know of no other partition function in the literature which assumes all integral values as S(n) does.

Let H(n) denote the number of partitions of n into parts which are repeated exactly 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, or 10 times with the parts repeated exactly 1,4,6, or 9 times even in number minus the number of them with parts repeated exactly 1, 4, 6, or 9 times odd in number. In [5], using the arithmetic of Gaussian integers , it was shown that H(n) assumes all integral values and does so infinitely often.

Let G(n) denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts which are of the form 2m, 3m, 5m, 6m-3, 8m-3, 9m-3, or 11m-3 with parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3 being even in number minus the number of them with parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3 being odd in number. For example, G(7) is zero because (2(2)) + (3(1)), (2(2))+(6(1)-3) have even number of parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3. while (2(1))+(5(1)) and (2(1))+ (8(1)-3) areodd number of parts of the form 2m, 3m, 6m-3, or 11m-3 (here m-values are shown in bold). In this paper, we show that G(n) assumes all integral values and does so infinitely often.

2. Main Results

A For (positive) integer n, consider the equation

[picture] | (2.1)

We call a solution of (2.1) admissible if (mod 6) and (mod 6). For a (positive) integer (mod 24), let J(n) be the excess of the number of admissible solutions of with (mod 12) over the number of them with v not congruent to 1 modulo 12.

In subsequent sections, we shall be proving the following:

Therorem 1. For .

Theorem 2. G(n) takes on every integer value infinitely often.

3. Proof of Theorem 1

First we note that the generating function of G(n) is

Lemma 1. For ,

Proof. Using Jacobi’s triple product identities (see [1], p. 21) we get

This proves the Lemma.

Using this lemma, it follows that:

This proves Theorem 1.

4. Arithmetic of J(n)

In this section we study J(n) using Gaussian integers , where . For , let . We define in terms of u (mod 4) and v (mod 4) by

Table 1. Values of c₄(α)

Let be defined in terms of u ( mod 3) and v (mod 3) by the following table, where :

Table 2. Values of c₃(α)

Let and let

where the sum is over a complex set non-associate Gaussian integers with norm n.

Let (mod 6) and (mod 6)} and let or . Then, for (mod 12),

(where v is the imaginary part of α)

(where is the conjugate of )

Note that this together with Theorem 1 proves the assertion made in the Remark 2 of [5].

Thus we have shown that:

Lemma 2. For (mod 12), .

Next we recall the properties of C(n) from [5].

Lemma 3. (a) The function C(n) is multiplicative.

(b) unless or 5 (mod 12).

Lemma 4. Let p be a prime (mod 12) and . Then:

a. C(n) is either 0, 2 or -2.

b. If , then

c. If , then

Lemma 5. Let p be a prime (mod 12) and be even. Then:

5. Proof of Theorem 2

As in [5],

and [[5], Table 1])

This proves Theorem 2.

6. Conclusion

An arithmetical function f(n) is called lacunary if it is almost always 0 (see[4]). In [3] it is shown that S(n) is lacunary. In [5] it is shown that H(n) is lacunary. So is is natural to ask whether G(n) is so. We make the following conjecture:

Conjecture. G(n) is lacunary.

References

[1]   | G.E. Andrews, The Theory of Partitions, (G.-C. Rota, Ed.), Encyclopedia of Math. And its Applications, Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1976.
[2]   | G.E. Andrews, Questions and conjectures in partition theory, Amer. Math. Monthly, 93 (1986) 708-711.
[3]   | G.E. Andrews, F.J. Dyson and D. Hickerson, Partitions and indefinitequadratic forms, Invent. math., 91 (1988) 391-407.
[4]   | J. Lovejoy, Lacunary Partition Functions, Math. Research Letters, 9 (2002) 191-198.
[5]   | M.Tamba, On a partition function which assumes all integral values, J.Number Theory 41 (1992) 77-86.