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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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The Legendre Polynomials Associated with Bernoulli, Euler, Hermite and Bernstein Polynomials

Serkan Araci*, Mehmet Acikgoz, Armen Bagdasaryan, Erdoğan Şen

Atatürk Street, 31290 Hatay, Turkey

Abstract: In the present paper, we deal mainly with arithmetic properties of Legendre polynomials by using their orthogonality property. We show that Legendre polynomials are proportional with Bernoulli, Euler, Hermite and Bernstein polynomials.

Keywords: Legendre polynomials, Bernoulli polynomials, Euler polynomials, Hermite polynomials, Bernstein polynomials, orthogonality

Received November 01, 2013; Revised November 23, 2013; Accepted November 26, 2013

Citation: Serkan Araci, Mehmet Acikgoz, Armen Bagdasaryan, Erdoğan Şen, The Legendre Polynomials Associated with Bernoulli, Euler, Hermite and Bernstein Polynomials. Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory, 1 (1). 1-3. January 2013. doi:10.12691/tjant-1-1-1

1. Introduction

Legendre polynomials, which are special cases of Legendre functions, are introduced in 1784 by the French mathematician A. M. Legendre (1752-1833). Legendre functions are a vital and important in problems including spherical coordinates. Due to their orthogonality properties they are also useful in numerical analysis (see [9]). Besides, the Legendre polynomials, , are described via the following generating function:

[picture] | (1)

Legendre polynomials are the everywhere regular solutions of Legendre’s differential equation that we can write as follows:

where and . Taking in (1) and by using geometric series, we see that so that the Legendre polynomials are normalized.

Legendre polynomials can be generated using Rodrigue’s formula as follows:

[picture] | (2)

Note that the right hand side of (2) is a polynomial (see [3,9]).

The Bernoulli polynomials are defined by means of the following generating function:

[picture] | (3)

By (3), we know that Taking in (3), we have that stands for Bernoulli number.

The Euler polynomials are known to be defined as:

[picture] | (4)

The Euler polynomials can also be expressed by explicit formulas, e.g.

where means the Euler numbers. These numbers are expressed with the Euler polynomials through

Now also, we give the definition of Hermite polynomials as follows:

[picture] | (5)

Let be the space of continuous functions on For Bernstein operator for is defined by

where and is the set of natural numbers. Here is called Bernstein polynomials, which are defined by

[picture] | (6)

In [9], [3], the orthogonality of Legendre polynomials is known as

[picture] | (7)

where is Kronecker’s delta.

In [7], by using orthogonality property of Legendre, Kim et al. effected interesting identities for them. We also obtain some interesting properties of the Legendre polynomials arising from Bernoulli, Euler, Hermite and Bernstein polynomials.

2. Identities on the Legendre Polynomials Arising from Bernoulli, Euler, Hermite and Bernstein Polynomials

Let Then we define an inner product on as follows:

[picture] | (8)

Note that are the orthogonal basis for Let us now consider then we see that

[picture] | (9)

where the coefficients are defined over the field of real numbers.

From the above, we readily see that

[picture] | (10)

By (9) and (10), we have the following proposition.

Proposition 2.1. Let and then

If we take in Proposition (2.1), the coefficients can be found as

[picture] | (11)

Let Then by using Proposition 2.1 and (11), we have

where are the aforementioned Bernoulli polynomials that can be expressed through Bernoulli numbers as follows:

From this, we have

Therefore we have the following theorem.

Theorem 2.2. Let Then we have

Let By Proposition 2.1 and (11), we have the following theorem.

Theorem 2.3. Let Then we have

Let the Bernstein polynomials By Proposition 2.1 and (11), we have following theorem.

Theorem 2.4. Let We have

The following equality is defined by Kim et al. in [7]:

[picture] | (12)

Let By Proposition 2.1 and (11), we get the following theorem.

Theorem 2.5. Let Then we have

Let In [8], Kim et al. derived convolution formula for the Euler polynomials as

By Proposition 2.1 and (11), we get the following theorem.

Theorem 2.6. The following equality holds true:

Remark 2.7. By using Theorem 2.1, we can find many interesting identities for the special polynomials in connection with Legendre polynomials.

References

[1]   | S. Araci, D. Erdal and J. J. Seo, A study on the fermionic p-adic q-integral representation on P associated with weighted q-Bernstein and q-Genocchi polynomials, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 649248, 10 pages.
[2]   | A. Bagdasaryan, An elementary and real approach to values of the Riemann zeta function, Phys. Atom. Nucl. 73, 251-254, (2010).
[3]   | W. N. Bailey, On the product of two Legendre polynomials, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 29 (1933), 173-177.
[4]   | B. C. Kellner, On irregular prime power divisors of the Bernoulli numbers, Mathematics of Computation, Volume 76, Number 257, January 2007, Pages 405-441.
[5]   | T. Kim, Some identities on the q-Euler polynomials of higher order and q-stirling numbers by the fermionic p-adic integral on p, Russian J. Math. Phys. 16 (2009), 484-491.
[6]   | T. Kim, J. Choi, Y. H. Kim and C. S. Ryoo, On q-Bernstein and q-Hermite polynomials, Proc. Jangjeon Math. Soc. 14 (2011), no. 2, 215-221.
[7]   | D. S. Kim, S.-H. Rim and T. Kim, Some identities on Bernoulli and Euler polynomials arising from orthogonality of Legendre polynomials, Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2012, 2012:227
[8]   | D. S. Kim, T. Kim, S.-H. Lee, Y.-H. Kim, Some identities for the product of two Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. Adv. Diff. Equ. 2012; 2012:95.
[9]   | L. C. Andrews, Special Functions of Mathematics for Engineerings, SPIE Press, 1992, pages 479.