Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

The Role of Pleasure Criteria in Product Design: An Integrated Approach in Ergonomics and Hedonomics (A Review)

Hassan Sadeghi Naeini*, Sara Mostowfi

Industrial Design Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: This review article aims at analyzing the newest articles about product pleasure that expanded underneath of hedonomics subject. Hedonomis encounters product and environmental designers, services designer with new and efficient process that is expected to presenting an effective and favorable product or services. In this review article 4382 articles were extracted from the Emerald, Ebsco, Elsavior, Pubmed search engines in last decade published papers. By initial inclusion and exclusion criteria and abstracts reading twelve articles as the final ones were selected for in depth reading and analyzing. The main keywords for our search were “product”, “design”, “hedonomics” and “ergonomics”. Our findings show the significance of interaction of ergonomics and hedonomics to achieve the functionality of pleasure and pleasant emotion in product design besides, with regarding recent review article, literature research, experiences about evaluating and ergonomic design, we suggest a model for pleasurable products design according to an integrated approach on ergonomics and hedonomics. In this model the triple engagement of design- product-consumer was regarded, and interface of these three subjects is showing the importance of ergonomics, hedonomics and the necessity of solidity conflation in product perception, needs, safety, desired, and consumer morality, with consideration aesthetic principal. Undoubtedly, the joy in use and product pleasure is center hub in relationship between product design and consumer, Which should be considered by designers.

Keywords: pleasure, product, design, hedonomics, ergonomics

Received June 26, 2015; Revised August 11, 015; Accepted September 10, 2015

Citation: Hassan Sadeghi Naeini, Sara Mostowfi, The Role of Pleasure Criteria in Product Design: An Integrated Approach in Ergonomics and Hedonomics (A Review). Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3 (3). 39-50. January 2015. doi:10.12691/rpbs-3-3-1

1. Introduction

Nowadays, user friendly and usable products, sustainable production, reliability and also marketing efficiency are known as some main factors in terms of product design and manufacturing. In this regards, the effective communication between product designers and employers are so prominent. Designers emphasize on aesthetes and also usability concepts and employers consider productivity and marketing competition, however both of them effort to make some effective conditions to have a valid situation for consumers. One of the main concepts which make an appropriated bridge between manufacturing bodies and costumers are products’ feature and characteristics in which pleasure has a critical role. It means the pleasurable products might create a favorable condition for costumers and under this condition; some economics efficiency would be gained. In this regards the role of consumers and costumers are known as important factors for designers and manufacturers’ bodies, however users’ requirements and expectations about quality and usability make challengeable conditions for producers [1]. Many factories and manufacturers of consumer products, i.e. vehicles, household appliances, electronic devices and sport industries are working on quality to produce comfort and pleasurable products.

In fact, the growth and diversity of people's needs, people with different tastes and different array of products, has created a challenging conditions for growers Establishment of design and production, particularly from the perspective of market competition and attract customers. Today product manufactures are involving marketing, industrial design and product ergonomics more than before, in order to gather input on customers’ needs, desires and buying intentions [1]. Customer satisfaction will be related to customers purchasing behavior, feelings and impressions. Meanwhile, the importance of “feelings” is more visible with entrance of “pleasure”. In fact, customers purchase decisions are driven based on two types of needs, their functional needs and emotional needs. Product performance is achieved with the functional needs and emotional needs are associated with the psychological and product ownership aspects. Emotions are distinctive elements that should be added to product or service to bring it preference [2]. On the other hand given these factor can introducing better products, it will lead to competitive advantages too [1]. In support of this important, Damasio (2001) has stated that, “most decisions are choices based on emotions”

The measurement of customers emotion is difficult, the assessment should be based on an understanding of how emotions occur in the context of daily life and how they can be measure, in this case customer satisfaction in product design are essential [3]. In this respect, peoples like Demirbilek and Sener discover concepts in products in order to convey a sense by design which aims to detect positive emotions in a product [3].

1.1. Definition of Pleasure

Scope and concept of “pleasure” in product is not easy and proves to be a comprehensive task as concept is a set of subjective experiences depends on our past experience, expectations, education and personality factors that make up our intimate character [4]. based on Oxford encyclopedia “a feeling of satisfaction or joy: sensuous enjoyment as an object of life” [5]. According to the Stanford dictionary definition,

“Pleasure in important applications, including behavioral psychology, ethical theory and the study of the mind, includes all joy and happiness and all our good feelings, or happy” (Stanford dictionary, 2013, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/).

It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain, or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our bad feeling. Jordan (1996) stated, “The emotional and hedonic benefits associated with product use”, and in turn, ‘displeasure’ in product use, “The emotional and hedonic punishment associated with product use” [6].

1.2. Hedonomics

Hedonomics as a new branch of science has been defined by Hancock that facilitates and helped pleasurable or enjoyable aspects of human interaction - technology. Surly there is a firm connection between Hedonomics and Ergonomics. Also, It seems that hedonomic with Micro Ergonomics aims to reduce the damage, the injuries and physical symptoms are somewhat different, and perhaps contradictory, but hedonomy with other branches of modern ergonomics including cognitive ergonomics and perception are directly related [7,8] and [3]. Hedonomics, derived from two Greek roots, hedon{1}(e) meaning pleasure; and nomos meaning law-or rule [4,9].

Knowledge of Hedonomics is needed for several reasons. The first and most important, technology is that the rapid growth of technology making it nearly impossible in today’s day and age for humans to escape from interacting with machine. We must ensure that human-machine interaction is not antagonist but synergistic and pleasurable (Hancock, 1997b). The second reason is creating a pleasurable and enjoyable experience are crucial for continued interaction and learning [4,6]. A science of hedonomics is focused on the positive impact of design on the user [4,10].

From Recent perspectives, the aims of ergonomics and Hedonomics from customer interaction perspective and product or functional interpretation of the product are the important interface of these two. The authors of this article believe that hedonomics with ergonomics has a close and double communication and this interaction, especially after the formation of new domains, including cognitive ergonomics, cultural and social ergonomics became much more serious and deeper{²}. Perhaps we can know the modern form of hedonomics growth through the development of new areas of ergonomics. The hedonomic hierarchy of needs (HH of N), presented in Figure 1, is a theoretical Framework aimed at promoting pleasurable interaction based on a design priority hierarchy. Based on Maslow’s (1970) model of the optimization of human satisfaction through a hierarchy of needs that specifies that higher level needs can only be fulfilled after lower level needs are satisfied. This framework which is presented in Figure 1 specifies that the system must first be designed to be safe, functional, and usable before it can be designed to be pleasurable and uniquely designed for the individual. One of the key features of the framework is Individuation, and the initial principles suggested for achieving this goal which include: Hedonomic Affordances, Aesthetic Longevity, and Seamless Interaction [4]. ”Usability”, “pleasurable experience” and “individuation” are the hedonomic aspects in this system.

Figure 1. Hierarchy of hedonomics Needs (Hancock, Pepe, and Murphy 2005)

From this perspective there is little difference between hedonomics and ergonomics. The difference is that the hedonomic is more "personal" and is more focused on each person demands of interacting with the system while in ergonomic generally the emphasis is on legal aspects in product design. The authors believe that whatever the cognitive ergonomics and cultural ergonomics make more closely the distinctions are low{³}.

1.3. Definition and Background Review of Emotion

For Descartes (1649), emotions were a collection of automatism and human behaviors different than cognitive processes. But many philosophers for the separation between reason and emotion put the emotions inside the materialism of the behavior. Following the studies of Charles Darwin, the Canadian psychologist named Paul Ekman (2007) has proved that an important feature of basic emotion is that they are universally expressed, by everybody in any, time and culture, through similar method [2], Recently cognitive scientists conclude now that emotion is a necessary part of life, affecting how you feel, how you behave and how you think.. Indeed, emotion makes you smart without emotions; your decision-making ability would be weekends [11]. Evidence shows that attractive objects broaden people thought –action repertoires, encouraging them to discover novel lines of thought or action. So using products and structures that make you feel good, seem easier and caused similarity.

Nowadays isn’t the product to be sold but focus is on relationship that is established between the client and the product. Fabris (2009) is stated that “the customer has changed skin or skin is changing, looking experiences rather than products or sensations and emotions rather than use values” [2].

Recently in the field of sales there are some trends showing that instead of stimulating consumption by oriented functions, products should pulled out user personal preferences and touch people’s minds undoubtedly in practical application, properly apply emotional elements to product can help problem solving practically [12]. Jaasko & mattelmaki (2003) provides a framework for user experience which pleasure must satisfy two levels: the first level involves appearance (aesthetics) and user interface (usability). The second level extends to user personality (socio-cultural context), product meaning (time, historic context), environment (physical context), interaction (use context) and product novelty (market context) [13]. It is difficult to define pleasure because it is related to experiences, subjective perceptions and past experiences, education, hidden personality traits. Pleasure and painful are cross concepts, that there is no one without the other. pleasure can be satisfaction feeling, well-being and pleasant [4].

1.4. Continuing Pleasure

Helander (2006) offer a five assortment for pleasure:

1. Phisyio-pleasure: pleasures of the body. Sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch. Phisyio-pleasure combines many aspects of the visceral level with some of the behavioral level.

2. Socio-pleasure: social pleasure derived from interaction with others. Jordan points out that many products play an important social role, either by design or by accident. All communication technologies-Whether telephone, cell phone, email, instant, messaging, or even regular mail- play important social roles by design.

3. psycho-pleasure: this aspect of pleasure deals with peoples reaction and psychological state during the use of products.

4. ideo-pleasure: this is where one appreciate the aesthetics, or the quality, or perhaps the extent to which a product enhance life and respects the environment

5. reflection pleasure: reflection of experiences and knowledge is created. The value of the product is its aesthetic and quality [9,11].

The most important features that contribute to the enjoyment of short-term pleasure use of the product include functionality, aesthetics, feel/ touch, product control, quality, safety, construction, Feedback, fun and usability. That's why finding a complete set of principles for pleasure in product use is not possible. Traditional methods of the human factors use different ways for studying pleasure in product using [6].

The reality is that consumers enjoy from having or using a product is a transitory state. Today’s favorite is that valuable product will be found in tomorrow's. The greatest challenge for product developers (PPR) is, not only to enhance the pleasure of person product relationship (PPR), but also ensure long-lasting enjoyment that will be created. Pleasure have as much to do with the character and needs of the individual, as with the design of the product, as a result not everyone experiences the same level of pleasure from the same product. Although there are many differences in how people respond to products, PPR is one of the factors that have significant impact on time. There is no guarantee that the pleasure felt at the beginning of the PPR will continue throughout the life of the product [9].

2. Material and Method

in this review article four search engines were used e.g:" Emerald", "Elsevior", "Pubmed", "Ebsco" with "product", "ergonomics", "hedonomics", "design" key words. which are presented in the 1, 2, 3, 4 tables in Appendix.

3. Results

As noted above, this article seeks to explore the relationship between product design and pleasure parameters With regard to what was mentioned in the Methods section, several articles were reviewed and analyzed by the search engine. That summary Publications is as follows:

Table

4. Discussion

Micro ergonomics is a basic in creating a product or environment that is compliant with the minimum requirements of the user. The minimum requirement are related to the physical structure of the body and issues such as anthropometry, strength, metabolism energy and physiology but, other determining factors that have role in the use, consumption or purchase of a product that are beyond micro ergonomics and are back to cognitive ergonomics as well asocial-cultural ergonomics. In this regard, from this vision to the development of the ergonomic features, Hedonomics arises that state the sensation, pleasure and graceful. Beauty and the feeling of pleasure from product and environment are important factors that not only in product design but also in terms of economy and successful sales of goods are important.

Moreover, pleasure and desirability of a product can affect the efficiency or emotion of the user in using the product. From the perspective of product design, industrial design professionals designing and producing products should involve pleasing in use of the product similar to micro ergonomics, cognition and cultural, and noticed it practically, scientifically and documentary. And to accompany pleasure integration process with other ergonomic features, integratelly and illustrate a framework that authors believe perhaps the most important parts of this framework are:

1. Defining customer needs

2. A systemic review of human interaction and product

3. Review customer experience in product application

4. Aesthetic criteria in the design of ergonomic products

5. Design considerations in product usability

It is worth to noting that emotions are distinct from pleasure, emotions have transient process that mainly is physiological, while pleasure is the result of joy and feeling good, and its lasting is more than physiological emotion and even in some cases (depending on the design type) is continues until the end product life.

And it is here that the role of industrial design is clearly indicates. That to which extent it can could be effective in pleasant continuation use of the product, when we speak of the beauty and desirable of appearance in the products with conformity and micro ergonomics adaptation. Its important that Care must be taken that the degree of acceptance of the product or its design, and the outcome of this attitude that it’s the spark of some interest in environment or product, is the qualitative and subjective factors. An interesting is an instinctive phenomenon that related to the reaction that arises from seeing the appearance of an object, but the beauty is related to the thought level, and not appearance but the inner part is consideration, and is gained from conscious thought and experience and is influenced by culture.

Sometimes it also creates additional challenges that their interpretation is beyond the scope of this brief like objects that aren’t attractive in appearance, but a variety of factors, including feeling joy and happiness is giving to us. The answer of this dichotomy apparent is hidden in the pleasure. A threshold cannot be defined for pleasure, but a threshold of tolerance can be offered, like when the headache got well, the person feel satisfied. Certainly the most pleasure cause as well as a higher satisfaction. It is believed that between performance and comfort and pleasure there is an analog relationship [14].

This suggests that those who seek the hedonic benefits of the product are looking for performance satisfaction. It is also important to note that products which are similar in performance and the prices, the customers choose the ones that attracted the most. (Bamossy et al, 1983) many researchers have attempted to determine product features in set of aesthetic in this regard have provided criterias, including the unity (such as the efficiency in the items) ratio (eg, golden ratio ) as well as symmetry. To encounter the recent challenges the needs of our customers whether they are available and which ones that are not obtainable in the product and environment in the designer view, these must have been discovered in the form of a system (eg a human- system machine ) being analyzed along with the interactive system, the customer and the customer past experience should be scrutinized , so as to also discover the root of customer emotion towards a product that is designed to responding a person needs. And in fact a pleasure product be introduced, of course from an intellectual and emotional view, it can be noted that there are different basis feeling.

That varies from person to person, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, sadness (Ekman, 1994), but the mental pleasure according to Kubovy, (1999) Basic emotions are different for some reasons. First, emotions have internationally expression and appearance and are recognized ones. Second, the basic feelings are existing; in other being while pleasure is not in this way. The second point is that feelings have distinctive physiological response, while such thing is not defined about pleasure yet. Another case is that feelings have early start and their enduring is short because it happening before the person becomes aware of it [4], but pleasure it is not in this way, however what is important from the perspective is how to inject some level of subjective and qualitative factors, that the product or the environment would be desirable, despite being intellectual and qualitative of pleasure concept, design should create Concrete factors in the product or environment, that their perception should become the level of happiness and pleasure.

5. Conclusion

The meaning of pleasure in use of product is complex and cannot be completely separated from taste, value, culture and personal work area. Human factor experts have done a large effort to find valid theories in the pleasure of using the products [9]. With regarding to the recent cases, if the application of feeling the joy and the pleasure of using the products is considered, the integrated interaction of hedonomics and ergonomic become a necessity.

The authors with regarding to review article, literature and experiences related to evaluating and product ergonomic design suggested following model Figure 2 to integrated hedonomics principles with ergonomic design process. Doubtless in future studies, the evaluating of the model should be done. In this model the triple integration of designer-product-customer has been considered and common point of these three areas presented the importance of hedonomy and ergonomy and necessity of unified integration: Product perception, needs, safety, ergonomy, demands, customer behavior with observing aesthetic principles. Doubtless joy of using and pleasure of product is a strong link between designer and customer.

Figure 2. suggested model for integrated hedonomic principles with ergonomic design process

Notes

1. in some sources it came as nomia or nomos, meaning "study" that is more preferred by authors.

2. Sadeghi Naeini (1391). "from Hedonomics to ergonomics" Work Health and Safety Conference, Association of occupational health, Iran., May, University of Qazvin.

3. Sadeghi Naeini (1391). "from Hedonomics to ergonomics" Work Health and Safety Conference, Association of occupational health, Iran., May, University of Qazvin.

References

Appendix

Table 1. search results from Elsevior search engine

Table 2. search result from Ebsco search engine

Table 3. search result from Emerald search engine

Table 4. search results from pubmed search engine

[1]   | Bonapace, L. (2002). “Linking Product Properties to Pleasure: The Sensorial Quality Assessment Method-SEQUAM.”, Pleasure With Product: Beyond Usability, Taylor &Fransec Press, London and New York.
[2]   | Consoli, D. (2009). “Emotion That Influence Purchase Decisions And Their Electronic Processing.”, AnnalesUniversitatisApulensis Series Oeconomica, 11(2).
[3]   | Tham, M .P.,&Helander, M. G. (2003). “Hedonomics—affective human factors design.” Ergonomics, 46(13/14).
[4]   | Murphy, L. L., (2005). “An Hedonomic Evaluation Of Pleasurable Human-Technology Experience: The Effect Of Exposure And Aesthetics On The Experience Of Flow.”,PHD, The University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
[5]   | Green, B. (2002). “Pleasure With Product: Beyond Usability, Human Factors And Design.” , Pleasure With Product: Beyond Usability, Taylor &Fransec Press, London and New York.
[6]   | Hauge-Nilsen, A. L., & GalerFlyte.(2002). “Understanding Attributesthat Contribute to Pleasure inProductUse.”,Pleasure With Product: Beyond Usability, Taylor &Fransec Press, London and New York.
[7]   | Matijošaitienė, I. (2010). “Identification of Hedonomic Road Landscape in Lithuania.”, Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, No.4(54).
[8]   | Hancock, P. A., & Szalma, J. L. (2003). “The Future Of Neuroergonomics. ”,Theor. Issues in Ergon, vol. 44, nos. 1-2.
[9]   | Jordan, W.P. (4000). “Designing Pleasurable Products: An introduction to the new human factors. ”Taylor & Fransec Press, London and New York.
[10]   | Thornburg, K. M. (2010). “The effect of positive and negative messages on problem solving in computer programming tasks.”, PHD, The University of Iowa, Lowa.
[11]   | Norman, D. A. (2005). “Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things.”, Basic Books, New York.
[12]   | Man Wang, H., & Hsiang Chen, K., & Juei Chou. (2004). “Pleasurable Element In Emotional Design.”Designing Pleasurable Products And Interfaces, June 44-42, Milan, Italy.
[13]   | Spillers, Frank, (2004). '' Emotion as a cognitive artifact and the design implication for products that are perceived as pleasurable.", PHD, Experience Dynamics, USA.
[14]   | Chitturi, R. (4003). “Design for affect: Emotional and behavioral Consequences of the tradeoffs between hedonic and utilitarian.”, PHD, The university of texas, austin.