Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Reduction of COD and Color by Polymeric Coagulant (Chitosan)

Ram Krishna, Omprakash Sahu*

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITGGV, Bilaspur (C.G.), India

Abstract: Wastewater treatment is becoming ever more critical due to diminishing water resources, increasing wastewater disposal costs, and stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. The aim of our study is to use natural occurring polymeric coagulant to reduce the chemical oxygen demand and color from the industrial waste water. It was found that 83% of Chemical oxygen demand and 90% of color reduction was observed with chitosan.

Keywords: coagulation, filtration, polymeric coagulant, settling

Received August 21, 2013; Revised December 06, 2013; Accepted December 15, 2013

Citation: Ram Krishna, Omprakash Sahu, Reduction of COD and Color by Polymeric Coagulant (Chitosan). Journal of Polymer and Biopolymer Physics Chemistry, 1 (1). 22-25. January 2013. doi:10.12691/jpbpc-1-1-4

1. Introduction

Industrialisation is back born for the growth of any nation. With increase in number of industry pollution level also increase which is the major problem for environmentalist. So many methods are available in the literature to treat the waste water. But due the cost of chemical and equipment industry have changeling to which one they adopt. Generally physicochemical treatment should be considered as cheaper method as compared to other. Physicochemical methods are effective when pollution level is low but depend upon the chemical used. Mostly organic, inorganic and polymeric are used to treat the waste water. Polymeric coagulant shows good performance especially when wastewater is more alkaline in nature. Polymers or polyelectrolyte’s consist of simple monomers that are polymerized into high-molecular-weight substances [1] with molecular weights varying from 104 to 106 Daltons. Polymers can vary in molecular weight, the structure (linear versus branched), amount of charge, charge type and composition. The intensity of the charge depends upon the degree of ionization of the functional groups, the degree of copolymerization and/or the amount of substituted groups within the polymer structure [2,3]. With respect to charge, organic polymers can be cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged) or nonionic (no charge). Polymers in solution generally exhibit low diffusion rates and raised viscosities, thus it is necessary to mechanically disperse the polymer into the water [4]. This is accomplished with short, vigorous mixing (velocity gradients, G values of 1500 sec⁻¹, although smaller values have been reported throughout the literature, 300 to 600 sec⁻¹) to maximize dispersion, but not so vigorous as to degrade the polymer or the flocs as they form [5].

1. Lower coagulant dose requirements,

2. A smaller volume of sludge,

3. A smaller increase in the ionic load of the treated water,

4. Reduced level of aluminum in treated water,

5. Cost savings of up to 25-30%.

Polyelectrolyte act in two distinct ways: charge neutralization and bridging between particles [6]. The mechanism of polymeric coagulant is shown in Figure 1. Because wastewater particles are normally charged negatively, low molecular weight, cationic polyelectrolyte’s can act as a coagulant that neutralizes or reduces the negative charge of the particles, similar to the effect of alum or ferric chloride [7]. This has the effect of drastically reducing the repulsive force between colloidal particles, which allows the van der Waals force of attraction to encourage initial aggregation of colloidal and fine suspended materials to form microflocs [8]. The coagulated particles are extremely dense, tend to pack closely, and settle rapidly. If too many polymer is used, however, a charge reversal can occur, and the particles will again become dispersed, but with a positive charge rather than negatively charged [9].

The chemistry of wastewater has a significant effect of the performance of a polymer, the selection of a type of polymer for use as a coagulant/flocculation aid generally requires testing with the targeted waste stream, and the final selection is often more of an “art” than a science. Hundreds of polymers are available from numerous manufactures with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. And, although the manufacturers can often help in a general way, the end user must often determine from all the various product line, which is best for their particular application and waste stream, i.e. most cost effective [10]. Chitosan is one of the natural occurring polymeric coagulants, which is more effective in industrial waste water. Chitosan is a biopolymer, which is extracted from crustacean shells or from fungal biomass. In this regard’s an effort has been made to treat the soap and detergent industrial waste water by using polymeric (Chitosan) for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand and color. The aim of work is to determine the optimum mass loading of chitosan with minimum mixing with time as well as reduction of physicochemical parameter.

Figure 1. Mechanism of polymer coagulation

2. Material and Method

2.1. Material

The waste water is arranged from soap and detergent industry whose parameter is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of Wastewater

2.2. Method

A 0.40dm³ of Food industry was taken in a 1.0 dm³ glass beaker, later on pH of the effluent was adjusted by adding aqueous NaOH (1 M) or H₂SO₄ (1 M) solution and mixed with glass rod for dispersion. The effluent and mixed for 5 min rapidly at 150 rpm, thereafter, slowly mixed for 30 min at 80 rpm. The effluent sample was then kept quiescent for 3 h. The supernatant liquor was taken and analysed for its COD value. These steps were repeated at different dosages of the coagulant. The settling and filtration characteristics of the slurry were also studied. Various parameters like COD, color, chlorine and protein were estimated as per standard parameter properties of various pollutants. The jar test apparatus is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Jar test Apparatus

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Effect of pH

pH is play important role for ionic reaction , the pH of the sample will decided the how much coagulant are effective. To determine the effectiveness of chitosan on wastewater sample, pH from 2 to 10 at 20 mm coagulant was used, which is shown Figure 3. It was observed that at pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (acidic nature) the COD 30%, 33%, 35%, 37%, 40% and color 33.5%, 38.9%, 44%, 46.5%, 49% reduction respectively. The maximum percentage of COD 55% and color 62% reduction shows at pH 7. At pH 8, 9 and 10 the 48%, 39%, 31% of COD and 57%, 48%, 35% of color reduction was observed. It is due to at higher pH, chemical functional groups associated with organic are ionized and results in increasing of negative charge. Whereas, at lower pH there is no ionization of any functional groups and organic removal is achieved mainly due to adsorption. Analysis of the species of aluminum in water indicates that polycationic polymers predominate below pH 6 and hydroxide precipitate dominates in the pH range 6 to 9 [11]. The mechanism of pollution removal, therefore, is different under the different pH condition.

Figure 3. Effect of pH on COD and color reduction at pHi = 8.8, massloading = 20 mm

3.2. Effect of Mass Loading

The removal of pollution fractions was dependent upon treatment conditions such as applied coagulant dose, pH, etc. and that treatment conditions can be optimized based on the character of the organic matter present in the raw water [12]. To determine the effect of mass loading of chitosan at optimum pH 7 on wastewater sample is shown in Figure 4. The mass loading were varies from 20 mm to 60 mm. The maximum COD 83% and color 90% was found at 50 mm of chitosan. At initial when mass loading was 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm the COD 55%, 63%, 75% and color 62%, 71%, 78% was observed. Further increases in mass loading the COD 73% and color 76% were decreased. Over dosing of coagulant reduced the performance of treatment is due to restabilisation of colloids in effluent. In addition, coagulant overdosing will inevitably result in excessive sludge formation and increased chemicals and residuals management costs. In under dosing the amount of coagulant is not sufficient to neutralise the colloidal and optimum dosing mechanism of coagulation is relevant [13].

Figure 4. Effect of mass loading on COD and color at optimum pH=7

3.3. Effect of Mixing

Rapid mixing after coagulation is an important design parameter. The coagulant must be uniformly mixed with the raw water. In case mixing is poor local under- and overdosing occurs, resulting in poor performance of the process. The parameter expressing mixing intensity is called the velocity gradient. To determine the effect of mixing 50, 80, 120, 150 and 200 rpm on wastewater sample was carried out at pH 7 and mass loading 50 mm is shown in Figure 5. It was observed that at initial 50 rpm, 80 rpm, 120 rpm the COD 58%, 65%, 72% and color reduction 63%, 70%, 81% respectively. The maximum COD and color reduction 83% and 90% was found at 150 rpm at the beginning 5 miniutes. Further increase in mixing speed 200 rpm decrease the COD 74% and color 79% reduction performance. Mixing intensity and time has significant effect on the mechanisms (e.g. sweep coagulation, sedimentation) involved in the following process of coagulation [14]. Between the hydrolysis of the coagulant in water and the development of large flocs, short-lived water soluble hydroxide complexes, metal hydroxide sols are formed, which also carry a positive charge [15]. The bond between the suspended solids to be removed and the polymeric sols and water soluble hydroxide complexes must be established within this short period. Rapid mixing of the coagulant will ensure rapid hydrolysis of the coagulant, contact between the sols and the suspended solids and will retard the development of large flocs which are inactive in destabilizing the dispersion and removing of pollutant.

Figure 5. Effect of mixing on COD and color at optimum pH=7 and mass loading =50mm

3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope

The scanning electron microscope of wastewater before and after treatments was investigated which is shown Figure 6. It was found that before treatment without chitosan the sludge are look compact and rigid. After treatment with chitosan the sludge generated looks jelly type, it is due to structure of polymeric coagulant which are trapped the pollutant and bind up in like rope. Therefore the polymeric type’s coagulants have more effective than the other coagulant.

Figure 6. Scanning Electron Microscope picture (a) before treatment (b) after treatment with chitosan at pH =7 mass loading =50mm, mixing 150 rpm

4. Conclusion

Chitosan was very much effective for the treatment soap and detergent wastewater. It proved that at pH 7 mass loading 50 mm and 150 rpm have capability to reduce the 83% of chemical oxygen demand as well as 90% of color. The scanning electron microscope shows that it has jelly structure which is better than other coagulant. According to the study chitosan can be a good candidate to reduce the physicochemical parameters from wastewater. Chitosan may offer an alternative to traditional coagulants in wastewater treatment. The unique properties of chitosan together with availability make chitosan an exciting and promising agent for the pollution removal from wastewater.

References

[1]   | Crittenden, J.C., Trussel, R.R., Hand, D. W., Howe, K. J., Tchobanoglous, G. (eds) “Coagulation, mixing and flocculation”, in Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005, New Jersey, USA.
[2]   | Duan, J., Gregory, J., Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts, Advances in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 100-102, 2003, pp. 475-502.
[3]   | Jiang J., Development of coagulation theory and pre-polymerised coagulants for water treatment, Separation and Purification Methods, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2001, pp. 127-141.
[4]   | Bi, S., Wang, C., Cao, Q. and Zhang, C., Studies on the mechanism of hydrolysis and polymerization of aluminium salts in aqueous solution: correlations between the Core-links model and Cage-like keggin-Al13 model, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 248, 2004, 441-455.
[5]   | Jia, Z., He, F. and Liu, Z., Synthesis of polyaluminum chloride with a membrane reactor: operating parameter effects and reaction pathways, Ind Chem Res, Vol. 43, 2004, 12-17.
[6]   | Bertsch, P.M., Grant, W. T., Barnhisel, L., Characterization of hydroxyl-aluminum solutions by aluminium-27 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 50, 1986, pp. 825-829.
[7]   | Wang, M. and Muhammed, M., Novel synthesis of Al13-cluster based alumina materials, NanoStructured Materials, Vol. 11, 1999, 1219-1229.
[8]   | Parker, D. R. and Bertsch, P. M, Formation of the Al13 tridecameric polycation under diverse synthesis conditions, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 26, 1992, pp. 914-921.
[9]   | Dulko, J. M., Polyaluminum chlorides and polyaluminum chlorosulfates methods and compositions, United States Patent 5.985.234, 1999.
[10]   | Graham N., Preparation and uses of polyferric sulphate, US Patent 5.785.862, 1998.
[11]   | Bertsch, P.M., Conditions for Al13 polymer formation in partially neutralized aluminum solutions, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 51, 1987, pp. 825-828.
[12]   | Tang H. X, Tian B. Z., Luan Z. K., Zhang Y., Inorganic polymer flocculant polyferric chloride, its properties, efficiency and production, In Chemical Water and Wastewater treatment, Vol III, eds R. Klute and H. Hahn, Springer, Berlin, 1994, pp. 57-69.
[13]   | Zhang, P., Hahn, H.H., Hoffmann, E., Zeng, G., Influence of some additives to aluminium species distribution in aluminium coagulants, Chemosphere, 57, 2004, pp. 1489-1494.
[14]   | Zouboulis A. I., Moussas P.A., Vasilakou F., Polyferric Sulphate: Preparation, characterization and application in coagulation experiments, submitted for publication in Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007.
[15]   | AWWA, AWWA standard for liquid polyaluminum chloride, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado USA, 1999.