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American Journal of Public Health Research
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The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Optimum Design of Connecting Rod – A Review

Maher Rehaif Khudhair*, Farah Kamil, Mohannad A. Kadhom, Faeq H. Gburi

AL-Dewaniyah Technical Institute AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq

Abstract: This study discusses a comprehensive review of the optimal design of the connecting rod used in internal combustion engines and compressors. The connecting rod is an important part and a major component that is produced in large quantities for automobile engines. Its purpose is to link the piston to the rotating crankshaft to create a mechanism for the movement reciprocating of the piston. Carbon steel is commonly used in the manufacture of connecting rods, but there is a growing trend towards utilizing aluminum alloys. Objective of this study is to optimize the shape of the connecting rod in an automobile engine. The optimization aims to minimize the stresses experienced by the connecting rod under both compressive loads from maximum engine output and bending loads caused by the inertia force during maximum engine power with a focused on reducing its weight. Various stresses and deformations need to be considered when designing the connecting rod, along with the comparison of different materials. Additionally, it is important to explore various software and Finite Element Method (FEM) packages that can be utilized for the modeling and analysis of the connecting rod.

Keywords: connecting rod, optimization, design, material selection, FEM

Received February 20, 2024; Revised March 22, 2024; Accepted March 29, 2024

Citation: Maher Rehaif Khudhair, Farah Kamil, Mohannad A. Kadhom, Faeq H. Gburi, Optimum Design of Connecting Rod – A Review. Journal of Mechanical Design and Vibration, 11 (1). 1-9. January 2024. doi:10.12691/jmdv-11-1-1

1. Introduction

Connecting rod is a major link of the internal combustion engines and one of the most important components employed in automobiles, trucks, and buses. And principle working its connects the piston and the crankshaft and contributes to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotatory motion of the crankshaft. Usually, it's applied to reciprocating internal combustion (I.C.) engines, like the ones found in automobiles. Spark ignition engines take a mixture of fuel & air, compress it, and ignition it was using a spark plug. The terms reciprocating' is given because of the motion that the crank mechanism through it. The connecting rod is subjected to highly-cycle of dynamic or fatigue loading. Therefore, consideration must be given to the effect of each gas forces and inertia forces. Many of research work have been carried out for optimization approach as a material selection or stress analysis [1,2,3,4,5]. Figure 1 shows the parts of connecting rod. The connecting rod is typically a durable and strong metal rod, usually made of steel or aluminum alloy, with a specific shape and design. It consists of two ends: the small end and the big end. The small end of the connecting rod is connected to the piston pin or wrist pin, while the big end is connected to the crankshaft journal. During the engine's operation, the connecting rod experiences high mechanical stresses and undergoes both tensile and compressive forces. It must be able to withstand these forces without deformation or failure. For this reason, connecting rods are engineered to be robust and lightweight to minimize inertia and maximize engine efficiency. Connecting rods are designed with careful consideration given to factors such as length, weight, strength, and balance. The length of the connecting rod and its ratio to the stroke length of the piston affects the engine's mechanical advantage and overall performance characteristics. The weight of the connecting rod is also critical as it impacts the engine's ability to reach higher RPMs and reduces the overall load on the crankshaft. In high-performance engines, connecting rods are often subjected to additional stress due to increased power output. To address this, performance connecting rods may be forged or made of stronger materials to provide enhanced strength and reliability. Its design and quality significantly impact engine performance, durability, and efficiency.

2. Literature Review

Table 1 represents a comprehensive review of previous studies of researchers, where it included design details represented by the calculation of stresses and deformations, as well as some focused on studying the behavior of buckling under the static and dynamic loading, in addition to experimental tests and comparing them with numerical analysis (using the Finite Element Analysis) as shown in the following table.

Table 1. Literature Review

Figure 1. Parts of Connecting Rod

3. Mathematical Model

3.1. Forces Acting on the Connecting Rod

There are several types of forces acting on the connecting rod, which are as follows (the force acting on the piston as a result of gas pressure and inertia of the parts with reciprocating movement. As well as the forces resulting from the friction of the piston rings. In addition, the force resulting from the friction of the piston pin bearing and the crankpin bearing). Figure 2 an explained to forces on the connection rod and Inertia bending forces as the equations (1 to 5). While, the Table 2 explained the design parameters.

Table 2. Design parameters

Figure 2. Forces on the Connecting Rod

1- Force on the piston due to pressure of gas FL = Pressure × Area

[picture] | (1)

2- Inertia force of reciprocating parts FI = Mass × Acceleration

[picture] | (2)

3- Net force acting on the piston FP = Force due to gas pressure ∓ Inertia force

[picture] | (3)

Where the –ve and +ve are signs of TDC (top dead center) to BDC (bottom dead center) respectively, and weight of the reciprocating parts (WR = mR . g) then:

[picture] | (4)

From figure (2) we see force of connecting rod (FC) as in next equation:

[picture] | (5)

4- Force due to inertia of the connecting rod for the each point will be as follows:

[picture] | (6)

[picture] | (7)

[picture] | (8)

Inertia force per unit length at the crankpin, and inertia force per unit length at the piston pin = 0

Inertia force due to small element of divisions length dx at a distance x from the piston pin P,

[picture] | (9)

[picture] | (10)

When Substituting (m₁ . l = m) we gets:

[picture] | (11)

5- Force due to friction of piston rings and of the piston (F)

[picture] | (12)

3.2. Bending and Compressive Stresses

From figure (3) we see the bending moment is acting on the rod at section X – X at a distance x from P, where bending moment due to variable force from , and assuming the effect of the inertia force at two-thirds of the piston from point P. In addition, the concentration of mass is in one-third of the connecting rod from point P, which results in the reactions are as follows:

[picture] | (13)

Now, differentiate MX with respect to x axis to get maximum bending moment,

[picture] | (14)

[picture] | (15)

Where: Z – Modulus section

Compressive Stress (σc)

[picture] | (16)

Figure 3. Inertia bending forces

4. Conclusion

Based on the aforementioned literature reviews, it has been determined that significant efforts have been made to enhance the material composition of connecting rods through basic studies and research. The performance of a connecting rod can be enhanced by altering the materials utilized, as different materials possess distinct properties. By alloying materials, the desired properties can be achieved. In their investigations, many researchers employed software such as CATIA, SolidWorks, NX NASTRAN, and Creo PTC for modeling purposes, while ANSYS software was used for analysis. Numerical analyses were conducted to determine the magnitude of loads (including stresses, deformation, and buckling) experienced by a connecting rod under applied loads. Furthermore, theoretical calculations and experimental studies were employed to identify errors and select a design model that achieves the desired level of accuracy.

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