Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Oral Fluency: Basis for Designing a Communicative Competence Structured Module

Charito G. Ong*, Eunice S. Villegas

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, CM Recto Avenue, Lapasan Highway, Cagayan De Oro City, Philippines

Abstract: This study analyzed and observed the oral discourse of Local Community College students. A descriptive analysis was conducted to find out the communicative competence level among the one hundred fifty randomly chosen respondents. A triangulation method was initiated to ensure the legitimacy of the gathered data. Focus Group Discussion, Classroom Observation, and Individual Interview were used to collect and validate the data gathering procedure. Results showed that one hundred five out of one hundred fifty respondents belong to the unconscious incompetence level while the remaining forty-five fall under the conscious competence level. The study concluded with the findings that the design of a communicative competence based module was necessary to develop oral fluency. The paper recommended for students to be constantly exposed to communicative activities in their classes to further develop their communication competencies.

Keywords: communicative competence, fluency, module

Received February 09, 2021; Revised March 10, 2021; Accepted March 15, 2021

Citation: Charito G. Ong, Eunice S. Villegas, Oral Fluency: Basis for Designing a Communicative Competence Structured Module. Journal of Innovations in Teaching and Learning, 1 (1). 25-28. January 2021. doi:10.12691/jitl-1-1-5

1. Introduction

Oral fluency is one the most important markers of proficiency in second language but undeniably it is a neglected component in a communicative classroom. The greatest achievement of a learner is to be proficient in a language as communication is part of everyday life. Language is more than an external expression; it is also an exchange of internal thoughts through formulated expression ranging from independent verbalization to non-verbalization. Sirbu posits that language is essentially a means of communication among the members of a society [1]. Indeed, it is through language that people understand each other in a social interaction.

In a country like the Philippines, which aims to participate meaningfully in international affairs, learning the English language has a special place [2]. Alongside Filipino, English is used as an official language mainly in publications, media and the academe. Knowing the language increases people’s chances of getting a good job. However, learning a language is a complex task as it involves several imperative processes [3]. It requires not only learning grammar structures and acquiring vocabulary but also developing communication skills. Yet, Oberg strongly believes that oral fluency can be taught by means of providing communicative activities [4]. Hence, the researcher in this study looked into classrooms and sought to find out the communicative competence level of the college students in a Local Community College.

Tuan in a research conducted in Vietnam that their English needs are elementary and that is thought to be problematic, thus disadvantaging and demotivating those aiming to achieve higher English levels [5]. The situation described that learners consider English irrelevant for their purposes. They did not understand English lectures. They did not communicate in English in daily or professional situations. Students failed to read their professional reading materials texts. Furthermore, they were not able to write in English. Therefore, although their motivation to learn English was high, they achieved very little. The situation in the research locale of this paper was quite similar. The college respondents were hesitant to communicate and write in English. When asked, they fall back to their first language. Survey questions requiring opinions were likewise answered in their first language.

According to Tuan, with the cited situation in Vietnam; the National Foreign Language 2020 Project was implemented [5]. The project expanded its influence and training programs to the majority of teachers of English at all levels. Several training workshops were similarly conducted by the different organizations and institutions to enhance the teachers’ teaching skills. This paper sought to do the same. A communicative competence based module which covers areas of discourse, strategic, grammatical and linguistic competencies was designed and developed to train teachers and students.

According to McGuire & Larson-Hall, the primary purpose of teaching discourse fillers to second language users is to facilitate fluency and proficiency of target language [6]. Oral fluency is often a neglected component in a communicative classroom. Rossiter believes that oral fluency is one of the most salient markers of proficiency in second language [7]. Universities focus more on the development of students’ writing and reading skills, whereas the speaking and listening skills are relatively neglected. Prime importance should be placed in using the target language. Hence, the teachers’ intervention methods in emphasizing oral fluency were considered highly significant in developing students’ speaking skills. Majority of the student-populace today fail to express their ideas, thoughts and emotions verbally to particular events or situations. Consequently, speaking skills and vocabulary learning have become worse and have greatly deteriorated. The researcher looked into this scenario through classroom observation, focus group discussion and interview.

2. The Theoretical Framework

Figure 1 below presents the conceptual framework of this study. Krashen's [8] Second Language Acquisition Theory and Wray’s [9] integrated model of Discourse Fillers were basis in creating the framework of this paper.

Figure 1. Framework of the Research

Generally, students are diverse in language competencies particularly in academic performance. Hence, finding out their individual communicative fluency level is deemed vital as this manifests spontaneous expression of thoughts and ideas. A strong command of English language will place them in good employment when they graduate. As a communicative classroom is an important component in developing the said speaking competency, this study was conducted. In particular, this study sought to identify the communicative competency level of the respondents, their engagement in communicative activities in the classrooms and the design of module to address the competency level. As shown in Figure 1, the researcher did triangulation to identify the communicative competence level of the respondents then designed the module to address their unconscious incompetence.

3. Methodology

This study used both the qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate the communicative competence level of the research participants. The qualitative research method was found suitable for the study as a means of exploring the individuals in their environment [10]. The research further targeted to identify and observe the College students in a Local Community College and the word fillers that helped them in the communication process. The students as the important core in the classroom became recipients of substantive information from the teachers. However, engaging these students in classroom discussion and activities is vital to foster learning. The Descriptive analysis was likewise used in this study for it consists of systemic observation and description of the characteristics and classroom events to discover the use of word fillers. This was supported by Gall who stated that the goal of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics. The paper was more concerned with ‘what’ rather than ‘why’ something has happened [11]. Hence, observation and survey tools were used to gather data.

Furthermore, the study aimed to provide a qualitative description of the respondents’ experiences in the classroom environment. Their non-engagement to communicative activities in their classes was basis for the development of the communicative competence based module.

4. Results and Discussion

To address the first research problem, the researcher based the research questionnaire from the literature [12,13] guided structural questions. Hence, the stages of questioning in the identification of word fillers among the college students included: (1) Open-ended questions, (2) Questions to get more information, (3) Questions to clarify a point, and (4) Questions to compare perspectives. The activity was videotaped apart from the separate notes made by the researcher. The objective of the Focus Group Discussion was linguistic-based with emphasis on the word fillers generated from the students in their oral discourse. In introducing the focus group discussion, Hennink’s [14] recommendation was subsequently followed as: (1) Welcome, (2) Overview of the topic, (3) Ground rules, and (4) Question and Answer. These were the phases utilized in the Focus Group Discussion.

The evaluation and note taking of the commonly used word fillers was done during this process. However, other forms of research tools were used to determine and measure oral fluency based on the triangulation method. This was supported by [15] that a triangulation method can be used in a quantitative research to test the reliability and validity but can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study.

The tabular results that follow show the communicative competence level of the College respondents in a Local Community College during the Focus Group Discussion, individual interview and classroom observation. The rating scale for each instrument was given a corresponding weight value with one as the lowest and ten as the highest (according to the scale in Philippine educational system). Descriptive equivalents or verbal descriptions were also provided for the interpretation of result.

The scale that follows, adapted from Tuan [5]; was used to determine the respondents’ communicative competence in discourse. This was used during the focus group discussion. Using the FGD prompts, the competency level of the one hundred fifty research subjects was derived. Table 1 shows that majority of the College students in the Local Community College belong to the modest user of English. These respondents uttered un-English sentences, faulty grammar and sentence construction. They likewise were observed to have difficulty in expressing themselves using the English language. Most of the time, they would fall back to their first language when asked to respond to the questions directed to them in a question and answer activity.

Table 1. Communicative Competence Level of the Respondents

To derive the score intervals, Nassaji’s [16] communication matrix of the communicative competence level of language use was employed. It is subsequently represented.

Table 2. Communication Matrix employed for Individual Interview

The study further used Owen’s multiple stages of competence [17] to assess as the respondents they communicated in the classrooms. This is depicted in the tabular presentation reflected as Table 3. The data shows that the population studied mostly belong to the unconscious incompetence stage.

Table 3. The Respondents’ Stage of Competence

Before building up a rich cognitive knowledge base of communication concepts and practicing and reflected on skills in a particular area, speakers may exhibit unconscious incompetence. One hundred five out of one hundred fifty College respondents belong to this category. They were unaware of communicating in an incompetent manner. Majority of them code mixed and code switched when they respond to their teachers. They manifested anxiety in using English, and were not able to complete one utterance using the target language; English. There were a few who were noted to stammer when they recite. Furthermore, twenty-five of the respondents exhibited conscious incompetence. They knew and were conscious of their utterances. They were likewise aware that they were not doing well as they could. This was triangulated when the individual interview was conducted among them. However, there were eighteen whose communicative competence fall under conscious competence. They were aware of communicating well during the classroom observation and individual interview and focus group discussion. The two respondents who reached the stage of unconscious competence, just spoke naturally; as if native English speakers; without straining to be competent. The ideas they shared were full of content.

According to Owen [17] reaching the stage of unconscious competence does not mean that the person will always stay there. Factors such as facing new communication encounters regularly will help one ladder to the next level. However, it will take a few instances of conscious incompetence before the advancement to later stages is achieved.

With these results, the researcher designed and developed a training module composed of five academic parcels. Each parcel contained topics and activities which address communicative competence difficulties. The modules confirmed that the areas of linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic and grammatical competence were given sufficient activities for the students’ training. Word fillers was one of the subtopics under discourse competence. This was one area found to help the respondents in their communicative acts. They similarly established this during the focus group discussion.

Furthermore, the modules were evaluated using the evaluation instrument developed by Ong [2]. Before the development of the academic parcels, they went through a thorough assessment by three experts in the field of language teaching. Additionally, appraisal was during the development phase. The research adviser carefully scrutinized the academic packets ‘content.

5. Conclusions

Communicative competence among 150 respondents at a local community college is an element of diverse factors. Primarily, the unconscious incompetence and modest competence among these learners were influenced by a brief English language exposure. The implementation of English language use was not firmly employed. English language was thus literally seen as a foreign language, not a second language. Such approach among language classes hinders the development of language proficiency of the learners in the English language. Specifically, the command of language use spelled out diverse communicative competence levels of the learners. Though majority of the respondents fall under one low category. Finally, grammatical and discourse competence among the learners was influenced by usage of word fillers. The more word fillers they used, the higher their communicative competence level reached.

6. Recommendations

These recommendations are suggested to enhance the communicative competence of students in the English Language. Colleges and Universities may strictly implement use of English as a second language. Policies which will motivate teachers to use communicative and collaborative activities may be considered among classes. An enhanced English language communication program maybe designed to sustain existing language programs. Teachers may likewise be sent for trainings quarterly.

References

[1]   | Sirbu, A., 2015. The significance of language as a tool of communication. Scientific Bulletin" Mircea cel Batran" Naval Academy, 18(2), p.405.
[2]   | Ong, C. G. (2017). Digital Story Creation: Its Impact towards Academic Performance. International Association for Development of the Information Society.
[3]   | Ella, F., Hooper, J., & Mitchell, R. (2013). Rote or Rule? Exploring the Role of Formulaic Language in Classroom ForeignLanguage Learning. Language Learning.
[4]   | Oberg, K. (2013). Formulaic Sequences for Improving Oral Fluency [University of Wisconsin-River Falls]. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/65364/KristopherOberg.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
[5]   | Tuan, A., & Syder, F. H. (2017). Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In Language and Communication. A case study. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics.
[6]   | McGuire, M. and Larson-Hall, J., 2017. Teaching formulaic sequences in the classroom: Effects on spoken fluency. TESL Canada Journal, 34(3), pp.1-25.
[7]   | Rossiter, M.J., 2009. Perceptions of L2 fluency by native and non-native speakers of English. Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(3), pp.395-412.
[8]   | Krashen, S., 1994. The input hypothesis and its rivals. Implicit and explicit learning of languages, pp.45-77.
[9]   | Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic Language in Computer-supported Communication: Theory Meets Reality. Language Awareness.
[10]   | Creswell, J.W., 2009. Mapping the field of mixed methods research.
[11]   | Gall, M.D., Gall, J.P. and Borg, W.R., 2007. In Burvikovs AE. Educational Research: An Introduction (Eighth ed. ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Publishing Allyn and Bacon.
[12]   | Krueger, P., Brazil, K., Lohfeld, L., Edward, H.G., Lewis, D. and Tjam, E., 2002. Organization specific predictors of job satisfaction: findings from a Canadian multi-site quality of work life cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Services Research, 2(1), pp.1-8. Vancouver.
[13]   | Coopman S.J. & J. Lull 2008. Public Speaking: the Evolving Art. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
[14]   | Hennink M.M. (2017) Cross-Cultural Focus Group Discussions. In: Barbour R., Morgan D. (eds) A New Era in Focus Group Research. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
[15]   | Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606.
[16]   | Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis.
[17]   | Owen, H., 2011. Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice, London. England: Routledge.