Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Consumption Patterns and Underutilized Fruits as Resilience Strategies in the Face of the Global Environmental Crisis

Marisela Bravo*, Francisco F. Herrera

Center of Ecology, Plant Ecophysiology LaboratoryInstituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Postal Code: 1204, Caracas, Venezuela

Abstract: The food we consume defines our eating habits and transcends the economic, social or health conditions of individuals and societies. It is a fact that our consumption patterns respond to a food industry that places economic performance before health, food needs and environmental sustainability. The global environmental crisis forces us to rethink all the activities we do, including food. The consumption of local, wild, native, or naturalized foods allows us to have healthier and more sustainable diets. It is imperative to include diverse foods in our diet so that the consumption of monoculture foods diminishes in time. We need a systemic approach when deciding what to eat. Choosing local and varied foods improves the diet, the family and local economy, rescues the use of marginalized (underutilized) local species and contributes to socially and environmentally responsible food production systems. In the search for adaptations to the planetary environmental crisis, it is urgent to promote sustainable food production systems, and for this, it is necessary to make changes in current consumption patterns. In this paper, we focus on two aspects of the agricultural system in Venezuela: production and consumption, and we propose the rescue of underutilized agricultural diversity to diversify our food systems.

Keywords: food production, consumption patterns, resilience, environmental crisis, Venezuela.

Received May 22, 2023; Revised June 25, 2023; Accepted July 27, 2023

Citation: Marisela Bravo, Francisco F. Herrera, Consumption Patterns and Underutilized Fruits as Resilience Strategies in the Face of the Global Environmental Crisis. Journal of Food Security, 11 (1). 30-34. January 2023. doi:10.12691/jfs-11-1-4

1. Introduction

In the world, current agrifood systems have been developed on a narrow and highly vulnerable basis. In the last 100 years alone, 75% of plant genetic diversity has been lost [1]. Currently, 60% of the energy consumed from plants, comes mainly from five cereals: rice, wheat, maize, millet, and sorghum [2]. In this sense, the food production model is based on a few plant species [3], leaving aside an enormous range of food possibilities; harming food consumption habits, nutrition, and human health; as well as the loss of local species knowledge that end up in disuse and oblivion. Furthermore, the global environmental crisis has very diverse causes [4], forcing us to analyze all human activities related to major ecosystem disruptions, and the role of food production is remarkable in this sense, therefore the pathways from production to consumption must be reconsidered. The impact of human beings on ecosystems has had dramatic consequences today, and the dynamics in the near future are hard to foresee, given the complexity of all processes involved [5]. Even though, the effects of this crisis are already being felt in social, economic, and environmental levels [6,7].

Researches on these scenarios, food access and environmental crises, have determined that underutilized species have improved the possibility of accessing healthier diets in many localities [8]. Either for their nutritional contribution, as alternative medicine, or for their adaptations to unfavorable climatic and soil conditions, these species can contribute to sustainability in food production systems [8,9,10]. For instance, in Venezuela, 46 underutilized species destined for self-consumption, mainly in small communities, have been reported [11]. However, it is necessary to continue expanding the research on these species and to promote their consumption. In this work, we aim to gather information from two axes within the food production system. The first axis was food production under the scenarios of environmental crisis on the planet, and the second axes were related to modern consumption patterns and their environmental impact. Finally, we generated a proposal that promotes a change in the use of underutilized species with potential as a source of complimentary source of calories and nutrients.

2. Food Production and Environmental Crisis

Since the Industrial Revolution, an accelerated process of transformation in food consumption and the adoption of new alimentary habits began in the West [12]. The industrialization of the countryside brought with it several conditions that modified food production and shaped the markets since them, therefore this phenomenon influenced our diet, largely. The industrial agricultural production model implied the commercialization of food (as merchandise), the appearance of ultra-processed foods, and the consequent homogenization of the diet. For the agroindustrial production model, food is just another product, and this has contributed to the cleavage between the humans and nature, or between humans and food access [12]. In this way, nature (the countryside) became the source of raw material [13] to generate products (commodities) to be consumed (food) by the masses. Progressively, it was necessary to generate more efficient technologies to increase production, and thus, seeds and technological packages appeared, and new products facilitate the lifestyle imposed by modernity. This corporate agriculture defines much of the food available in today's markets.

The predominance of short-cycle crops (mainly cereals) in large cultivated areas was imposed through technological packages with the promise of reducing hunger in the world. However, the figures for hunger or people under conditions of undernourishment show a different reality [7].

Historically, the agroindustrial food production model for agriculture and livestock has been one of the industries having the greatest impact on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, in addition to the atmosphere. Since the beginning of the industrial period, how we produce our food has changed and we are now facing the agriculture of transnationals [14]; for whom food is just another commodity.

Industrial food production requires the consumption of environmental resources such as water, electricity, use of fossil fuels [for the production of fertilizers and transportation involved in the production chain], soils, and pollinators, among others. This type of agribusiness production model transgresses several of the planetary boundaries [15,16] and puts life on the planet, as we know it, at risk. The expansion of agricultural frontiers is advancing at an accelerated pace to meet the needs and future changes in consumption habits that are predicted for the next decade [17]. In this regard, OECD-FAO [18] projections for global meat production by 2030 will increase in beef, pork, poultry, and sheep meat by 5.9%, 13.1%, 17.8%, and 15.7% respectively, to meet the demands of expanding countries such as China and India. Regarding agricultural production from 2020-2030, an increase in the production of cereals such as rice, corn, and wheat, mainly, is expected [18]. Given these forecasts of increased production of cereals and meat, we can only ask ourselves: How can we reduce the environmental impact of the increase in production?

Land use change is one of the main consequences of the industrial agricultural production model, threatening spaces for biodiversity; the excessive use of mainly nitrogenous fertilizers released into water basins or the atmosphere. One example is nitric oxide, one of the most important greenhouse gases [19]. In addition, the replacement of natural cover by "agricultural cover" changes water flows within natural systems affecting the water balance of ecosystems [20]. This fact has produced the so-called "green deserts" (large land areas dedicated to timber and food species monoculture), drastically reducing local diversity.

Industrial agriculture is responsible for 80% of world deforestation, using 1/3 of the energy produced on the planet [17], consuming about 70% of the freshwater available, and generating between 23% to 37% of greenhouse gases. Also, if pre- and post-harvest activities inherent to agricultural activity are considered [5]: figures are even more impressive as this model only produces 30% of the planet's food [21]. These figures vary from one region to another implying that impacts may be greater in some places than others.

3. Modern Consumption Patterns and the Environment

Food has been a crucial element in the evolution of human beings [22]. The food we take to the table every day defines our consumption patterns, it defines us as individuals and as part of society. In this sense, consumption patterns are the customs or habits of groups of people in terms of food and reflect average and predictable behavior [23].

Everything we select when acquiring our food reflects our customs and the social and cultural influence we have received. The way we eat responds to multiple factors; it is related to our culture, geographic location, health, work capacity, and the development of all our activities [23]. Food consumption practices not only respond to the physiological need to eat but there are also psychological aspects involved, it is ultimately a social construction [24]. Consumption patterns have been shaped by other phenomena such as globalization, industrialization of agriculture, poverty in rural areas, and urbanization and/or concentration of the population in cities [25,26].

But it is not only agribusiness that plays a role in the food available on the market. What we choose as consumers is also a determining factor in food production and therefore in the use of natural resources and the consequent deterioration of the environment [26,27]. Our food choices also affect our health, since an unhealthy diet is associated with chronic non-communicable diseases [26,27,28]. Consumption pattern studies in Asia, where rice prevails as the major caloric source, have shown the relationship between an undiverse diet with malnutrition [29]. Other studies have also pointed out that non-diverse diets are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, overweight, and cancer, among others [26,30,31,32]. In this sense, it is also important to consider not only the number of calories ingested in a meal, but we must also consider the quality in terms of vitamins, minerals, and other indispensable nutrients for disease prevention. At this point is when fruit intake can improve the quality of life due to the contribution of nutrients and other compounds healthy for the organism; diversity plays an essential role.

Responses to food demand have primarily focused on making monoculture-based production systems more efficient. From seed to food reaching the table, the food industry continues to intensify at every stage [14]. More diverse food systems, in terms of production and species, can be a solution to access healthier and more nutritious foods, and for other challenges facing the environmental crisis. In this sense, diets are a powerful tool to mitigate environmental and health crises [27] by promoting local foods (fruits and vegetables) and increasing the availability of non-industrialized and easily accessible products [17].

4. Underutilized Fruits as a Strategy of Resilience to the Global Crisis

Only 6% of the population in Venezuela maintains a healthy diet, the rest of the dietary sub-patterns are based on high fat intake, refined flour, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables [23,33]. This reality makes us vulnerable from a health point of view and decreases our quality of life. Although, the high consumption of refined low nutritional cereals is a transversal matter to eating habits all over the world.

Humanity is far from achieving sustainable food systems, with a few exceptions, due to the low diversity of nutritious foods present in the diet [26]. The incorporation of a greater diversity of foods, produced under alternative, extensive, and low ecological impact schemes, is necessary to lead toward healthy and more sustainable food systems.

In rural areas, underutilized fruit species have been of great help for subsistence and have demonstrated their resilience in the face of adverse climate and soil conditions [34]. These fruits represent sustainable options to meet food demands in the face of the unfavorable scenarios predicted under the climate crisis. Some authors outline underutilized species as the smart or survival crops of the future [35]. Generally, these species are kept in wild conditions or sheltered in backyards and conucos (traditional shifting agriculture method), surrounded by other species without any systematic growth management and even so, they are very productive. The diversity of these growing spaces is precisely what allows underutilized species to produce fruits in unfavorable environments. In diverse ecosystems, the presence of natural enemies for pests and phytopathogens, the generation of favorable microclimate for soil moisture, and nutrient cycling enrich growth opportunities. In this sense, Nicholls and Altieri [36] point out that the complexity of agroecosystems allows better adaptations and resilience to climate change.

In Venezuela, more than 40 underutilized species have been detected in rural and peri-urban communities, most of which are fruit species [11]. Most of the species are used for self-consumption, representing savings for the family and more diverse diets which represent and improve in quality of life.

In a study conducted in small communities of a rural area in Aragua state (2022), (data unpublished by the authors), 43 underutilized fruit species were detected that have served as a food supplement or facilitated access to other food resources through barter (exchange where there is no money for the transaction) in times of economic crisis, shortages or difficulties for mobility; this strategy was applied during 2020, as a consequence of the pandemic by Covid- 19. The results of this study, still in progress, suggest that communities prefer to keep their fruit trees in backyards and conucos for local consumption, although some species are used only as shade, despite their great nutritional value. Such is the case of the tropical almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.), which is a species appreciated for its medicinal properties and the nutritional content of the almond contained in its fruit [37].

It is a fact that underutilized fruits are an alternative to fight poverty, hunger, and malnutrition that current diets have caused [29,38,39]. while contributing to improving environmental stresses locally and globally.

To contribute to the objective of varied and sustainable diets, from the project "Potential fruit species for food, to strengthen food sovereignty in Venezuela" we have detected 67 fruit species that can be used as fresh or processed fruit for human consumption. With this line of research, we proposed to make these species visible, as they have been absent from conventional markets. This idea will incorporate a catalog of species with technical aspects for management, as well as nutritional information and gastronomic suggestions for these fruits to be successfully reintroduced into the Venezuelan diet.

The relationship between production, food consumption patterns, and environmental crisis is undeniable. Today, more than ever, it is necessary to address this reality diminishing conventional technical options and enhancing local perspectives in each territory. From each locality, there may be consumption alternatives, such as underutilized fruits, that allow us to satisfy our food and nutritional needs sustainably, without the deterioration of the planet. We urge those who produce food to consider the impact that agricultural practices have on ecosystems and to select items with truly sustainable production systems associated. As consumers, we should be conscious of choosing local foods and introducing variety into our diets, giving preference to unprocessed foods. We urge public policy decision-makers to generate proposals for food education and the design of strategies that favor the diversity of species with food potential, through productive projects that promote the presence of these species in the field and the markets. We urge those involved in research to consider potential species as a niche for reproducing situated knowledge on food, health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. The time to adopt a new food paradigm is now.

Acknowledgements

To the Ministry of Science and Technology (MinCyT) for the financing granted through the National Fund for Science and Technology (FONACIT) to the project "Potential fruit species for food with a view to strengthening food sovereignty in Venezuela", within the framework in which this manuscript was written.

References

[1]   | FAO. 1995. Necesidades y recursos, geografía de la agricultura y la alimentación. Roma, Italia, 127 pp.
[2]   | McKevith B. Nutritional aspects of cereals. Nutrition Bulletin 2004;29(2):111-42.
[3]   | FAO. 2014. The State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources. Roma. (disponible en: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3825e.pdf).
[4]   | Bentley, J. H. (2013). Environmental crises in world history. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 77, 108–115.

[5]  
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2019). Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems (on line). Ginebra, Suiza. 43 p. Consultado 21 de mayo de 2022. Disponible en https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.-SPM.

[6]   | Ide, T., C. Fröhlich, and J. F. Donges, 2020: The Economic, Political, and Social Implications of Environmental Crises. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101, E364–E367.
[7]   | FAO. 2021. Hacia una agricultura sostenible y resiliente en América Latina y el Caribe - Análisis de siete trayectorias de transformación exitosas. Santiago de Chile.
[8]   | Peduruhewa PS, Jayathunge KGLR, Liyanage R. Potencial de las plantas silvestres comestibles subutilizadas como alimento para el futuro: una revisión. Revista de Seguridad Alimentaria. Vol. 9, núm. 4, 2021, págs. 136-147. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfs/9/4/1.
[9]   | Bhag Mal. 1994. Underutilized grain legumes and pseudocereals. Their potentials in Asia. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand.
[10]   | Scheldeman X, Rojas W, Valdivia R, Peralta E, Padulosi S. 2003. Retos y posibilidades del uso de especies olvidadas y subutilizadas en un desarrollo sostenible. En: Memorias del XI Congreso Internacional de Cultivos Andinos, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
[11]   | Bravo, M., Arteaga, M. I., & Herrera, F. F. (2017). Bioinventario de especies subutilizadas comestibles y medicinales en el norte de Venezuela. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 16(4), 347-360.

[12]  
Arroyo, P. (2008). La alimentación en la evolución del hombre: su relación con el riesgo de enfermedades crónico degenerativas. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 65(6), 431-440. Recuperado en 08 de febrero de 2023, de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462008000600004&lng=es&tlng=es.

[13]  
Gaibor J. A. (2018). Desarrollo de la agroindustria en la transformación de los sistemas productivos, modos de vida y la salud en la región agraria sur occidental del Ecuador: Caso: Cantón Ventanas, Provincia de Los Ríos. Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. Tesis Doctoral. Disponible en línea: https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/6219/1/TD110-DSCAS-Gaibor-Desarrollo.pdf.

[14]   | Holt- Giménez E. (2017). El capitalismo también entra por la boca. La economía política de nuestra comida. ISBN paper: 978-1-58367-659-2. Monthly Review Press.

[15]  
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS 3rd, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sörlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P, Foley JA. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):472-5.

[16]  
Steffen, W; Richardson, K; Rockström, J; Cornell, SE; Fetzer, I; Bennett, EM; Biggs, R; Carpenter, SR; De Vries, W; de Wit, CA; Folke, C; Gerten, D; Heinke, J; Mace, GM; Persson, LM; Ramanathan, V; Reyers, B; Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet (en línea). Science 347(6223):1259855-10.

[17]  
CEPAL, FAO, IICA. 2019. Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe 2019-2020 / CEPAL, FAO, IICA. – San José, C.R. IICA, 2019. 144 p.; ISBN: 978-92-9248-866-6. Disponible en línea: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45111-perspectivas-la-agricultura-desarrollo-rural-americas-mirada-america-latina.

[18]   | OECD/FAO (2021), Perspectivas Agrícolas 2021-2030, OECD Publishing, Paris.

[19]  
Posse G., Richter K. y Lewczuk N. (2014). Sustentabilidad y las emisiones de carbono en la agricultura Argentina.Suelos, producción agropecuaria y cambio climático: avances en la Argentina / Edición literaria a cargo de Carla Pascale Medina; María de las Mercedes Zubillaga; Miguel Angel Taboada. - 1º ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca de la Nación, 2014. 632 p.: il.; 21 x 29 cm. ISBN: 978-987-1873-25-8

[20]   | Holt- Giménez E. (2009). Crisis alimentarias, movimiento alimentario y cambio de régimen. Revista Ecología Política 38 ISSN: 1130-6378.
[21]   | Grupo ETC, 2009, “¿Quién nos alimentará? Preguntas sobre la crisis climática y alimentaria”, Communiqué No. 102, http://www.etcgroup.org/es/content/con-el-caosclimatico-quien-nos-alimentara.
[22]   | Herrera Cuenca. (2020). Los dilemas entre el cambio climático, la dieta saludable/sostenible y la sindemia de las sociedades post-modernas. An. Venez. Nutr.; 33(1): 76-79.

[23]  
Ramírez G., Vásquez M., Landaeta-Jiménez M, Herrera Cuenca, M., Hernández Rivas P., Méndez-Pérez B., Meza R. y el grupo del estudio ELANS. (2017) Estudio Venezolano de Nutrición y Salud: Patrón de consumo de alimentos. Grupo del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud. Anales Venezolanos de Nutrición. Volumen 30, No. 1, Año 2017. Obtenible en: http://www.analesdenutricion.org.ve/ediciones/2017/1/art-4/.

[24]  
Del Castillo Matamoros, S. E. & Jaramillo Guerra, P. S. (2018). Movimientos para la justicia alimentaria, resistencias y economías alimentarias alternativas: articulando los discursos y los espacios de resistencia y cambio en contextos alimentarios culturalmente diversos. Revista Colombiana de Sociología, 41(2), 9-17.

[25]   | Shamah L. T.,Cuevas N. L. , Mayorga B. E., Valenzuela Bravo D. G. (2014). Consumo de alimentos en América Latina y el Caribe. An Venez Nutr; 27(1): 40-46.
[26]   | Lutz M. (2021). Healthy sustainable food patterns and systems: a planetary urgency. Medwave; 21(7): e8436.

[27]  
Arrieta, E. M. (2021). Efectos de la adopción de dietas saludables sobre la ocupación de la tierra, la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y el consumo de energía fósil y agua dulce en Argentina. Trabajo de tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina. Disponible:https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/handle/11086/21972?locale-attribute=en

[28]   | Álvarez-Lario, Bonifacio, & Alonso-Valdivielso, J. L. (2014). Hiperuricemia y gota: el papel de la dieta. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 29(4), 760-770.
[29]   | Li X, Yadav R and Siddique KHM (2020) Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species: The Key to Improving Dietary Diversity and Fighting Hunger and Malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Front. Nutr. 7:593711.
[30]   | FAO, 1997. Grasas y aceites en la nutrición humana. Consulta FAO/OMS de expertos. (Estudio FAO Alimentación y Nutrición - 57). M-80 ISBN 92-5-303621-4.
[31]   | INHRR (2014). Relación entre hábitos nutricionales y enfermedades crónicas. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel, 45(1), 6-8. Recuperado en 23 de junio de 2022, de http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-04772014000100001&lng=es&tlng=es.

[32]  
Morocho, T. y Reinoso, S. (2017). Importancia del consumo de frutas y verduras en la almentación humana. Universidad Estatal de Milagro. Milagro, Ecuador. Tesis de Licenciatura. Disponible en línea: https://repositorio.uisrael.edu.ec/bitstream/47000/2904/1/UISRAEL-EC-MASTER-ADM-GP-378.242-2022-005.pdf.

[33]   | Hernández P., Ramírez G., Vásquez M. & Herrera-Cuenca M. (2021). Patrones de consumo de frutas y hortalizas en la población urbana de Venezuela. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, 25(2), 165-176. Epub 17 de enero de 2022.
[34]   | Chacha J.S., Ofoedu Ch., Suleiman R. A. Jumbé T. J. y Kulwa K. B. M. (2022). Chapter 7 - Underutilized fruits: Challenges and constraints for domestication. En: Future Foods Global Trends, Opportunities, and Sustainability Challenges.
[35]   | Hossain A., Islam M., Maitra S., Majumder D., Garai S., Mondal M., Ahmed A., Roy A., Skalicky M., Brestic M. & Islam, T. (2021). Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species: Are They Future Smart Crops in Fighting Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition Under Changing Climate?. 10.1007/978-981-16-3876-3_1.
[36]   | Nicholls C y Altieri M. 2019. Bases agroecológicas para la adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático. Cuadernos de Investigación UNED Vol. 11 (1) Num. especial: 555-561.
[37]   | Anand AV, Divya N, Kotti PP. An updated review of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9:93-98.
[38]   | Dansi A., Vodouhè R., Azokpota P., Yedomonhan H., Assogba P., Adjatin A., et al. (2012). Diversity of the neglected and underutilized crop species of importance in Benin. ScientificWorld Journal 2012, 932947. 10.1100/2012/932947.
[39]   | Adhikari L., Abid H. & Golam R. 2017. Tapping the Potential of Neglected and Underutilized Food Crops for Sustainable Nutrition Security in the Mountains of Pakistan and Nepal" Sustainability 9, no. 2: 291.