Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Antioxidant Activities, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Contents of Whole Plant of Kyllinga Erecta Shumach

Oluwafemi Kola Augustus*, Jesumoroti Omobolanle Janet, Tinubu Busayo Ebenezer, Uadia Jeremiah Ogboma

Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

Abstract: K. erecta S.; plant family Cyperaceae is locally used as food and medicinal flavor by the Hausas of the Northern Nigeria. This work aims to investigate the phytochemicals present in the whole plant extract, hence, determine the antioxidant activity, total flavonoid and total phenolic contents. The phytochemical screening was conducted on the crude extract using standard methods. The non-polar, moderately polar and highly polar (group ‘N, M and P’) fractions as well as a crystalline isolate (C) were subjected to antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP methods. TFC and TPC were determined in N, M and P only. Phytochemical screening result showed the presence of vital secondary phyto-constituents. The test fractions were able to scavenge DPPH radicals in a concentration dependant faction, the results were recorded as percentage inhibition and they all showed significant radical scavenging capacity (IC₅₀: 0.311, 0.035, 0.297 and 1.089 mg/ml, respectively for N, M, P and C). N, M, P and C were able to reduce Ferric Chloride in a concentration dependent manner as well and the results were recorded as Ascorbic Acid Equivalent. The TFC and TPC were presented as Quercetin Equivalent and Gallic Acid Equivalent, respectively. The TFC were 37.50 and 43.75 mg, respectively of Quercetin in one gram of sample for N and M at 0.91 mg/ml while P had 59.03 mg/g, QE at 0.55 mg/ml. 50.000 and 46.430 mg/g, GAE, respectively were the total phenolic content of N and M at 0.09 mg/ml, respectively while 80.355 mg/g, GAE was recorded for P.

Keywords: secondary phyto-constituents, percentage inhibition, 1,1’-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, quercetin

Citation: Oluwafemi Kola Augustus, Jesumoroti Omobolanle Janet, Tinubu Busayo Ebenezer, Uadia Jeremiah Ogboma, Antioxidant Activities, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Contents of Whole Plant of Kyllinga Erecta Shumach. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 3 (8). 489-494. January 2015. doi:10.12691/jfnr-3-8-3

1. Introduction

Kyllinga erecta Shumach, a specie of Cyperaceae is a robust perennial sedge with contiguous culms arising from a rhizome, the culms sometimes swollen at the base; distributed throughout the world region in damp-grassy area. [1] The Hausas of Northern Nigeria call it ‘Aayaa-ayaa’ and the Yorubas of South-Western Nigeria call it ‘Dogbodogbo’. The rhizome is aromatic with a rather bitter taste. [2] It has aromatic roots; sold in Northern Nigeria markets under the Hausa name “Turare” meaning scent, for use as fumigants and added to food and medicine as flavour. [3] Most spices and natural flavourings agents possess antioxidant effect and properties [4-9].

Antioxidant substances can be sub-categorized into synthetic and natural depending on their sources. It is now widely accepted that antioxidant substances from natural sources are safe and can help improve nutritional values of diets. [10] Dietary antioxidant supplement are good means of strengthening the antioxidant defense and repair systems. [11] Consciously or unconsciously, one can attempt to solve the problem of poor adherence or compliance to correct diet for improved health against cardiovascular diseases, cancer and aging, by balanced amount of natural antioxidant spices as food condiment.

Extensive literature review on Kyllinga erecta S. showed that two ditepenoids; 1β-hydroxymanoyloxide and 11α-hydroxymanoloxide have been isolated from the rhizome and the structures were elucidate. [12] 16-hydroxy-manyloxide-a derivative of manoyloxide ambrrenolide and norambreinolide were also isolated from the ethyacetate extract of K. erecta S. [13] as well as the isolation of 16-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyloxide which was a new derivative of 13-epi-manoyloxide from the ethylacetate extract of K. erecta S. rhizomes. [14] 11α-hydroxyl-13-epi-manoyloxide was isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the weed’s rhizomes and the deoxygenation of this isolated compound gave 13-epi-manoloxide. [15] The oils of K.erecta S. species from Chad were reported to have large quantity of cyperene-type compound and manool oxides. [12,16] Investigation of essential oils of aerial part and rhizomes of K. erecta S. using capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography spectrometry- thirty one (31) and forty nine (49) compounds were identified from the aerial parts and rhizomes, respectively [17].

The present study, for the first time, reports the total flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as the antioxidant activities of fractions of whole plant of K. erecta S. (fractionated based on polarity) extract.

This work was triggered by the fact that synthetic antioxidant addictives have been proven to have some effects of abnormal enlargement of liver size and increase microsomal enzyme activities in human, [18,19,20,21] therefore the need for sources of natural antioxidant supplements.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Reagents

The 1,1’-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) used was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Chemie Gmbh, Steinheim, Germany. All other reagents/Chemicals used were of analytical grade. Water used was glass distilled.

2.2. Extraction

Fresh whole plant material was collected at Arigidi-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria and was identified and authenticated by Dr O.A. Obembe, a scientist in the Department of plant Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.

The plant materials were sanitized and air-dried. The air-dried plant materials were crushed to break the pulp in order to create greater surface area for solvent extraction.

The crushed plant materials were subjected to cold extraction using methanol, the extract were filtered through Whatman No.1 using suction pump and the filtrate was concentrated (solvent recovered).

2.3. Phytochemical Screening

The secondary methabolites present in the concentrated extract were qualitatively investigated. The phytochemical investigation was conducted based on standard methods. [22] The presence of Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Cadiac glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Phytosterols, Coumarins, Terpenoids, Steroid, Quinine, Phlobatanins, Anthroquinones and Phytosteroids were investigated.

2.4. Fractionation of Crude Extract

The methanolic extract (crude) was subjected to fractionation using Normal-Phase Coulumn Chromatography. Silica gel of mesh size 60-200 was used in packing the column. Hexane, ethylacetate and methanol were used in eluting the fractions by gradually increasing the polarity of the mobile phase while monitoring the separation with thin layer chromatography. The fractions obtained were sub-grouped in non-polar (N), moderately polar (M) and highly polar (P) fractions. A crystalline isolate obtained was labeled ‘C’.

2.5. Antioxidant Assays

The total Flavonoid and total Phenolic contents (TFC and TPC) of the non-polar, moderately polar and highly polar fractions of K. erecta S. were determined. 1,1’-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was conducted on sample N, M, P and C to verify their radical scavenging capacities. The reducing powers for the four test fractions were determined using Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP).

2.5.1. Sample Preparation

0.10 g of samples N and M (non-polar and moderately polar fractions) and 0.06 g of samples P (highly polar) as well as of C (crystalline isolate) were weighed in a clean beaker and dissolved in DMSO and the solutions were made up to 50 ml mark using glass distilled water. The mixtures were centrifuged for about 30 minutes until clear solutions were obtained. The samples were preserved by refrigeration prior to analysis.

2.5.2. DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Radical Scavenging Ability)

Slight modification was made to the method described by Gyamfi et al. [23] in order to determine the DPPH radical scavenging ability of the test samples (N, M, P and C). Precisely, appropriate dilutions of samples were prepared (100, 200, 300 and 400 µL respectively) and each separately mixed with 600 µL of 0.4M DPPH radicals. The mixture was left in the dark for 30 minutes and the absorbance was recorded at 516 nm in UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The DPPH scavenging ability was calculated using equation 1.

[picture] | (1)

Where Ar is the absorbance of the reference and As is the absorbance of the sample.

2.5.3. FRAP (Ferric ion Reducing Power)

Little modification was done on the method described by Pulido et al [24]. Different sample volumes (50, 100, 200 and 250 µL, respectively) were prepared by dilution. The samples were separately mixed with 2.5 mL of 200 nM of 1 % potassium ferricyanides. The mixtures were incubated at 50°C for 20 minutes. 250 µL of 10 % trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added. This was centrifuge for 10 minutes. 5 mL portion of the supernatant was mixed with an equal volume of water and 200 µL of 0.1 % ferric chloride. The same procedure was followed for the standard (ascorbic acid solution) and the absorbance was recorded at 700 nm against the reagent blank in UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The reducing power was calculated and expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) in accordance with the method of Oboh et al [25].

2.5.4. TFC (Total Flavonoid Content)

Slight modification was made to the method of Meda et al. [26] in order to determine the TFC of K. erecta S. fractions (N, M and P). 250 µL, each of appropriately diluted test samples was mixed with 500 µL of methanol, 50 µL of 10 % Aluminum Chloride, 50 µL of 1 M Potassium acetate and 250 µL of distilled water. The mixtures were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. Quercetin was used as the reference standard. The absorbance of the reaction mixtures was subsequently measured at 415 nm and the TFC was recorded as Quercetin equivalent (milligram of quercetin per gram of test sample).

2.5.5. TPC (Total Phenolic Content)

The TPC was evaluated by slightly modifying the method used by Singleton et al. [27] To be concise, 200 µL of appropriately diluted test fractions (N, M and P) were oxidized with 2.5 µL of 10 % (v/v) Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and neutralized by 2.0 µL of 7.5 % Sodium carbonate. The mixtures were incubated for 40 minutes at 45°C and the absorbance recorded at 765 nm. The TPC was calculated as Gallic acid equivalent (milligram of Galic acid per gram of test samples).

3. Results

3.1. Yield

After extraction, the plant extract yield was calculated to be 8.71 %.

3.2. Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation

Table 1. Phytochemical screening of K. erecta S. +ve indicates the presence of test phytochemical and –ve indicates its absence in the plant extract

3.3. Antioxidant Properties

3.3.1. DPPH

The DPPH antioxidant capacity for the non-polar, moderately polar, highly polar, fractions, respectively and for the crystalline isolate were evaluated and the results are as presented in Table 2a and b (mean of duplicate measurements ± standard deviations).

Table 2a. Percentage inhibition of DPPH by samples N and M

Table 2b. Percentage inhibition of DPPH by samples P and C

N, M, P and C were able to scavenge the DPPH radicals in a concentration dependent fashion. At 0.17, 0.33, 0.50 and 0.67 mg/ml, respectively, the percentage inhibitions were 42.66, 54.82, 56.65 and 58.03 %, respectively for N and 52.98, 66.28, 69.72 and 70.18 %, respectively for the M. At 0.10, 0.24, 0.30 and 0.40 mg/ml, respectively, the percentage inhibitions were 41.05, 44.27, 52.06 and 55.28 %, respectively for the highly polar fraction. 21.33, 25.46, 27.06 and 30.05 %, respectively were the recorded percentage inhibitions for C at 0.10, 0.24, 0.30 and 0.40 mg/ml, respectively.

3.3.2. FRAP

The ferric reducing antioxidant strengths of the non-polar, moderately polar and highly polar fractions as well as that for the crystalline isolate are as presented in Table 3a and Table 3b.

Table 3a. Ferric Ion Reducing antioxidant power of sample N and M

Table 3b. Ferric Ion Reducing antioxidant power of sample C and P

At 0.05, 0.09, 0.18 and 0.23 mg/ml, respectively, the reducing powers were 5.58, 5.785, 10.125 and 12.395 milligram, AAE per gram, respectively for N while 10.745, 12.395, 14.670 and 14.050 milligram, AAE per gram, respectively were recorded for M. The reducing powers for P were 9.85, 15.150, 17.560 and 19.970 milligram, AAE per gram, respectively at 0.03, 0.05, 0.11 and 0.14 mg/ml, respectively. For the crystalline isolate, the reducing strength at 0.03, 0.05, 0.11 and 0.14 mg/ml, respectively were 13.085, 8.265, 7.920 and 16.875 milligram, AAE per gram, respectively.

3.3.3. TFC

At 0.91 mg/ml, the total flavonoid contents were 37.50 and 43.75 mg/g, QE, respectively for the N and M while P at 0.55 mg/ml had 59.03, QE as its total flavonoid content (Table 4).

Table 4. Total flavonoid Contents

3.3.4. TPC

The total phenolic contents of N and M were recorded at 0.09 mg/ml, respectively. For the highly polar fraction (P), the total phenolic content was recorded at 0.05 mg/ml and the results are as presented in tables 5. The total phenolic content for the non-polar fraction was 50.00 mg/g, GAE while the moderately polar fraction’s total phenolic content was 46.43 mg/g, GAE. 72 80.36 mg/g, GAE was recorded as the total phenolic contents of the highly polar fraction (Table 5).

Table 5. Total Phenolic Contents

4. Discussion

The low yield can be attributed to the fibrous nature of the plant materials. The presence of vital phytochemicals was observed. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to ascertain the secondary phyto-contituents present in the crude extract. The result showed that K. erecta species from Arigidi-Akoko, Nigeria is rich in: Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Coumarins Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Phlobatanins, Phytosterols, Terpenoids, Saponins and Quinones. Anthroquinonone, Reducing Sugar, Tanin and Phlobatanins were absent. Some of these secondary metabolites are good antioxidant agents [28].

The nature and ratio of solvent system used during fractionation determines the nature of substances eluted. Less polar solvent system is expected to elute less polar solutes and vice-versa.

Polarity is the relative ability of molecules to engage in interactions. [29] Type and polarity of solvent system engaged in fractionation would determine the kind eluted substances and it is expected to have specific (high or low) antioxidant properties, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents.

Antioxidants are molecules that have the capacity of reducing the causes of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors such as diseases, infections, aging [reactive oxygen species (ROS) production]. ROS are free radicals and other oxygenated molecules that arise from these factors [30].

Flavonoids and phenolics are influential secondary phyto-contituents that are potential health promoting compounds because of their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and other polyphenolics are of dietary importance because they possess free radical scavenging ability which as a result works against oxidative cell damage. [30,31,32] Therefore, the need to evaluate the total flavonoid contents in medicinal plants, food flavouring weeds and botanicals.

Flavonoids are effective as antioxidants because of their structural features such as conjugation which stabilizes radicals, ortho-dihydroxylsubstituted B-ring that creates allowance for chelation of pro-oxidants and α,β-unsaturated ketone as well as 3-OH on C-ring. In this work, the polar fraction has the highest flavonoid content while the moderately polar fraction has the lowest flavonoid content.

The total phenolic content experiment is governed by Folin-Ciocaltau reaction. The Folin-Ciocaltau is a reagent that contains mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate. The reagent measures the reducing capacity of the test sample by reacting with the reducing substance in the test samples. Phenolate ions present in the samples reduce Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by transfer of electron to produce a blue colour whose absorbances were measured at 765 nm.

There was a significant difference amongst various solvent fractions. The polar fraction has the highest phenolic content (in agreement with Ghasemzadeh et al, 2011, Hegazy et al., 2012, Kamaraj et al., 2012, Kaneria et al., 2012) [33,34,35,36] while the moderately polar fraction possesses the lowest phenolic content. The higher the flavonoid and phenolic contents of a test sample, the better antioxidant agent such sample is.

In DPPH antioxidant method, the radical scavenging capacity of fractionated extract of K. erecta S. species from Arigidi-Akoko, Nigeria and of a crystalline isolate was evaluated. The experiment predicts the ability of the test samples to scavenge free-radicals (ability to quench OH., ROO. and other ROS). This antioxidant investigative method is very common and acceptable; this is as a result of the fact that DPPH molecule itself is a stable free radical in methanol and aqueous solution and it has the ability to pick up an electron or hydrogen radical to form a stable diamagnetic molecule as well as giving a strong absorption band in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum [37,38].

The Inhibitory concentration at 50 % (IC₅₀) was extrapolated from the equation of linear plot of concentration against percentage inhibition and it showed that the non-polar fraction had IC50 of 0.311 mg/ml and the moderately polar fraction had IC50 of 0.035 mg/ml. The polar fraction had IC50 of 0.297 mg/ml while the crystalline isolate had IC50 of 1.089 mg/ml.

The lower the inhibitory concentration at 50 % (IC₅₀) value, the higher the radical scavenging strength; the moderately polar fraction had the highest antioxidant strength followed by the polar fraction then the non-polar fraction but they all showed significant radical scavenging ability. Figure 1a and Figure 1b show the trend of percentage inhibition increase as concentration increases.

Figure 1a. Graphical relationship between Concentration (x-axis) and percentage inhibition (y-axis) for N and M

Figure 1b. Graphical illustration of the relationship between Concentration (x-axis) and percentage inhibition (y-axis) for P and C

DPPH radical scavenging capacity alone cannot conclusively affirm the antioxidant strength when exploring for new and natural antioxidant source. Reducing power also play a role. The reducing power of the test samples (N,M, P and C) were assessed by investigating their ability to reduce Fe³⁺ of FeCl to Fe²⁺.

Figure 2a. Graphical illustration of Concentration (x-axis) against Reducing Power (y-axis) for N and M

Figure 2b. Graphical Illustration of Concentration (x-axis) against Reducing Power (y-axis) for P and C

Reducing ability is a new defense mechanism by antioxidation which works by electron transfer and hydrogen ion transfer. This was studied by way of observing the ferric-to-ferrous ion reducing potentials; the concentration of the electron-donating antioxidant agent available in test samples correspond to the values in the ferric reducing antioxidant property experiment. [39,40] The graphical relationship between concentration and reducing powers of the test samples are as presented in Figure 2a and Figure 2b.

5. Conclusion

Kyllinga erecta S.; is established here to be a rich source of secondary phyto-contituents. This positions the weed as a good natural antioxidant source. It has high flavonoid content and high phenolic contents. It has high reducing power hence; its antioxidant activity is high. Support is recommended for its use as a food and medicinal flavouring agent because it is a potential health improving natural flavouring agent as it could show a beneficial effect on cardiac health.

Acknowledgement

The authors are sincerely indebted to Mrs V.O. Odubanjo of the Department of Biochemistry, Adekule Ajasin University for her useful suggestions. Profound gratitude to Dr A. Olonisakin of the Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University for technical editing.

References

[1]   | Burkill HM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Vol. 1, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, 1985. ISBN: 094764301X. P: 960.
[2]   | Mahmout Y, Bessiere JM, Dolmazon R. Hydroxymaoylxides from Kallinga erecta. Phytochemistry 1993; 34;3: 865-867.
[3]   | Dalziel JM. Flora of west Africa. Crown Agent for overseas Government, London, UK 1937. P:296.
[4]   | Zheng W, Wang SY, Oomah BD. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 49: 5165-5170.
[5]   | Velioglu YS, Mazza G, Gao L, Oamah BD. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetable and grain products. J. Agric Chem. 1998; 46: 4113-4117.
[6]   | Shobana S, Naidu KA. Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spicies. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 2000; 62: 107-110.
[7]   | Madsen HL, Berteisen G. Spices as antioxidants. Trend Food Sci. Technol. 1995; 6: 271-277.
[8]   | Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, Heinonea M. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999; 47: 3954-3962.
[9]   | Herold C, Mei S, Bin S, Yizhong Z.C, Bin S. Antioxidant capacity of 26 spices extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53 (20): 7749-7759.
[10]   | Lopez-Velez M, Jacobs DR, Stevens J, Shahar E, Del Velle-Ribes C. The Study of Phenolic Compounds in Food Science and Nutrition. Critical Review. 2003; 43, 233-244.
[11]   | Mijanur R, Shahdat H, Asiqur R, Nusrat F, Taslima N, Borhan U, Mafroz AB. Antioxidant Activity of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban: Impact of extraction solvent polarity. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013. 1, 27-32.
[12]   | Mahmout Y, Bessiere JM, Dolmazon R. Composition of the Essential Oil from Kyllinga erecta S. J. Agric. Food Chem.1993; 41, 277-279.
[13]   | Dolmazon R, Albrand M, Bessiere JM, Mahmout Y, Wernerowska D, Kolodziejczk K. Diterpenoids from Kyllinga Erecta. Phytochemistry 1995; 38; 5: 917-919.
[14]   | Dolmazon R, Frucher A, Kolodziejczk K. An Epi-13-Manoyloxide Diterpenoid from Kyllinga erecta. Phytochemistry 1995; 40; 5: 1573-1574.
[15]   | Dolmazon R, Mahmout Y, Bessiere JM. A new Diterpenoid from Kyllinga erecta. Flavour and Fragr. J. 2001; 16: 100-102
[16]   | Mahmout Y, Bessiere JM, Dolmazon R. Volatile Constituents of Kyllinga erecta S. Bull.Chem.Soc.Ethiopia 2001; 15: 1.
[17]   | Oyedeji AO, Mdlolo CM, Adeniyi B, Akinde T. 1,8-Cineole Chemotype of Essential Oils of Kyllinga erecta Shum et Thonn and its Antimicrobial Activities. J. Essential Oil Res. 2010; 22:2, 189.
[18]   | Frag RS, Badei AZMA, El-Baroty GSA. Influence of thyme and clove essential oils on cotton seed noil oxidation. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1989; 66: 109-113.
[19]   | Frag RS, Ali MN,Taha SH. Use of some essential oils as natural preservatives for butter. J.Am.Oil Chem. Soc. 1990; 68:188-191.
[20]   | Brookman P. Antioxidant and Consumer acceptance. Food/Phar. Ind. Roche Products, New Zealand 1991.
[21]   | Musa O. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) extracts on natural Olive and Sesame Oils. Grasas y Aceites 1999; 50(5): 355-358.
[22]   | Harborn JP. Phytochemical methods. Harborne JB ed. Chapman & Hall, London 1998.
[23]   | Gyamfi MA, Yonamine M, Aniya Y. Free-radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguine on experimentally –induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol 1996; 32: 661-667.
[24]   | Pulido R, Bravo RL, Saura-Calixto F. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J.Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48: 3396-3402.

[25]  
Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Akinyemi AJ, Henle T, Saliu JA, Swaarzenbilz U. Inhibitory effect of polyphenol-rich extracts of jute leaf (Corchorus olitorius) on key enzyme linked to type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension (anhiotensin I converting) in vitro. J.Funct. Foods. 2012; 4: 450-458.

[26]   | Meda A, Lamien CE, Romito M, Millogo J, Nacoulma OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Faso honey as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem. 2005; 91:571-577.
[27]   | Singleton VI, Orthofor R, Lamuela- Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substances and antioxidants by means of Folin-Cicaltau reagent. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 299: 152-178.
[28]   | Gordon MH. Dietary Antioxidants in disease prevention. Natural product reports. 1996; 13: 265-273.
[29]   | Barwick VJ. Strategies for solvent selection – a literature review. 1997. 16:293-309.
[30]   | Pietta PG. Flavonoids as antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products. 2000; 63: 265-273.
[31]   | Scalbert A, Johnson IT, Saltmarsh M. Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond. America Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005; 81: 2155-2175.
[32]   | Hung D, Ou B, Prior R. The Chemistry Behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays. J.Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53: 1841-1856.
[33]   | Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat. Effects of solvent type on phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activities in two varieties of young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts. J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5(7), 1147-1154.
[34]   | Hegazy AE and Ibrahium MI. Antioxidant activities of orange peel extracts. World App Sci J. 2012; 18(5),684-688.
[35]   | Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Siva C, Iyappan M, Kirthi AV. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plant extracts from south India against human pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2012; S296-S301.
[36]   | Kaneria M, Bapodara M, Chanda S. Effect of extraction techniques and solvents on antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaf and stem. Food Anal Method. 2012; 5, 396-404.
[37]   | Vinson JA, Dabhagh YA, Serry MM, Jang J. Plant Flavonoids especially tea Flavonoids are powerful Antioxidant using in vitro oxidation model for heart diseases. J.Agric and Food Chem. 1995; 43(11): 2800-2802.
[38]   | Eleazu CO, Oti E, Eleasu KC, Obi V. Nutrient composition, Polyphenolic contents and free radical scavenging activities of free honey samples from NRCRI, Umudike and different locations in South Eastern Nigeria. African J. Food Sci. and Tech. 2012; 3(7): 160-167.
[39]   | Dastmalchi K, Damiendorman HJ, Kosar M, Hiltumen R. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2007; 40:239-248.
[40]   | Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstead MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF. Systemic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. J Nutr. 2002; 132:461-471.