@article{jfnr202311114,
author={{Soares, Angela and Gleiss, Katharina and Schorb, Sydney and Lopes, Ta¨Şs de S. and Calado, Ver?nica and Vanzan, Amanda G. T. and Cardozo, Tatiana S. F. and Porto, Cristiana P. M. and Lachenmeier, Dirk W. and Farah, Adriana},
title={Serving and Drinking Temperature of Coffee Beverages in Rio de Janeiro},
journal={Journal of Food and Nutrition Research},
volume={11},
number={11},
pages={683--690},
year={2023},
url={http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/11/11/4},
issn={2333-1240},
abstract={<b>  </b>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified ˇ°very hot beveragesˇ± (consumed above 65ˇăC) as ˇ°probably carcinogenic to humansˇ± (group 2A) due to chronic thermal injury to the esophageal mucosa. In Brazil, coffee is the most consumed food product and is typically consumed hot. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to measure the serving and drinking temperatures of coffee beverages in Rio de Janeiro and Petropolis, two locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro with different altitudes, climates, and mean annual temperatures (23.6 and 19.7ˇăC, respectively), as a basis for risk assessment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and development of educational programs in these places.A total of 703 coffee beverages were evaluated, including 498 in Rio de Janeiro and 205 in Petropolis. Serving temperatures and preferred drinking temperatures were assessed. Serving temperatures ranged from 50.5 to 94.5ˇăC (mean 73.8 ˇŔ 8.5ˇăC) in Rio and from 52.4 to 87.7ˇăC (mean 71.7 ˇŔ 7.9ˇăC) in Petropolis, with Rio having higher temperatures than Petropolis (<i>p</i>=0.003). In Rio, 26% of consumers drank coffee at temperatures ˇÝ65ˇăC, and 9% drank coffee at temperatures ˇÝ70ˇăC. In Petropolis, 60% of consumers drank coffee at temperatures ˇÝ65ˇăC, and 19% drank coffee at temperatures ˇÝ70ˇăC. Participants who had smoked for four years or more generally preferred higher temperatures (p&lt;0.05), but no association was found with education level. The average temperature of coffee consumption in Petropolis, which is close to the IARC limit, may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer in the long term, as indicated by the higher number of cancer cases compared to Rio. Further studies are needed to investigate the causality of this association.},
doi={10.12691/jfnr-11-11-4}
publisher={Science and Education Publishing}
}