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I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

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Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Healthcare Students' Quality of Life

Meisa Al Foraih, Hajar Alasmari*

Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University,Taif, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most prevalent diagnosed gastrointestinal disorders. Although IBS is a non-life-threatening condition, it can have a profound negative impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) (i.e., affecting sleep quality, concentration, energy levels, self-esteem personal relationships, travel and work attendance, performance, and productivity). There is limited information, however, in Saudi Arabia, on the effect of IBS has on the quality of life of students studying health care degrees. Aim: To measure the prevalence of IBS in a group of health care students in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the relationship between anxiety and IBS; and its’ impact on their quality of life. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted in the Health College at Taif University (TU), through an internet-based questionnaire. The study was carried out across the six specialties at TU: nursing, physiotherapy, laboratory, radiology, medicine, and pharmacology. A sample of 351 students were included, in the academic year of 2020–2021.Results: A total of 116 students had symptoms of IBS at a frequency of 33.05 %. Most of the study sample were females (77.5 %), with their ages ranging between 18 -22 ± 2.87 (63.6%). Students from nursing school who experienced symptoms of IBS comprised 65% of the studied sample. A significant association between the frequency of meals eaten per day and IBS (chi-square p-value = 0.002) was reported. High fat diet was associated with symptoms of IBS in 38.2%, and spicy food in 30.5% of the studied sample. A statistically significant association was observed between anxiety and IBS and between Quality of Life and IBS. Eight types of regression models were used to identify the effect of IBS on healthcare students’ quality of life. Results showed a strong relationship between IBS in healthcare students and quality of life (QoL), specifically food avoidance and interference activity. Conclusion: Undergraduate students, particularly, those studying health care are likely to be subjected to substantial amounts of anxiety, hence contributing to the development of IBS symptoms, which consequently impacts their quality of life, specifically food avoidance and interference with daily activities. Raising awareness among students regarding IBS-related symptoms and factors leading to its development such as anxiety, would probably play an important role in mitigating the impact of this disorder on their quality of life.

Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, quality of life, healthcare students

Received September 09, 2023; Revised October 10, 2023; Accepted October 17, 2023

Citation: Meisa Al Foraih, Hajar Alasmari, Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Healthcare Students' Quality of Life. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 11 (10). 614-620. January 2023. doi:10.12691/jfnr-11-10-2

1. Introduction

Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract manifesting as chronic or recurrent abdominal pain/discomfort, with altered bowel habits (i.e., constipation, diarrhea, or both in alternation) [1,2,3]. It is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 10 people worldwide [4,5]. According to previous global epidemiological studies and population-based surveys on gastrointestinal disorders [6-9], of the 33 recognized adult functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal condition, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 12% [6,7,8,10]. Demographic predictors of IBS include gender, age, and socioeconomic status [10]. The odds of having IBS are higher in women than in men, it is approximately 1.5 times more common in women than men [10]. It is also more prevalent in those of lower socioeconomic status [10], and is mostly diagnosed in patients younger than 50 years of age [8,10].

Although IBS is a non-life-threatening condition, it can have a profound negative impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) (i.e., affecting sleep quality, concentration, energy levels, self-esteem personal relationships, travel and work attendance, performance, and productivity) [1,2]. Results of a health-related quality of life survey that was designed to assess the impact of IBS on the quality of life of the patients revealed a significant decline in the scores of mental health and social function domains in IBS patients [13,14].

Work impairment is a substantial problem in patients with IBS [15]. Dean et al. found IBS to be associated with a 21% reduction in work productivity: equivalent to working less than four full days in a 5-day work week [16]. Hahn et al. measured the impact of IBS on absenteeism. Results indicated the number of missed workdays increased significantly as the severity of IBS symptoms increased [17]. In addition, a study by Fallah et al. found IBS was the second leading cause of lost workdays after the common cold [12,18].

There is no consensus on the etiology of IBS, but physiological and psychological factors have been linked with the onset and severity of this disorder [9,10]. Physiological factors include abnormal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, inflammation, abnormalities of autonomic activity, and central nervous system modulation [10]. The most common psychological disorders are anxiety, depression, panic, posttraumatic stress, and somatization disorders [8]. A recent study by Umrani et al. reported significantly higher anxiety levels in participants with IBS compared to participants without (53.0% vs. 23.0%). Similarly, depression was significantly more common in participants with IBS (50.6% vs. 21.5%) [1]. In a meta-analysis carried out to compare depression and anxiety levels between IBS patients and healthy controls, data showed depression and anxiety levels significantly higher in IBS patients than in healthy controls [11].

There is growing concern regarding the increased prevalence and severity of mental health disorders in university students, particularly those in the medical and health science fields [9-11]. They experience high levels of stress and anxiety due to the excessive workload and long study hours [12,13]. Several studies have reported a high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions, especially anxiety, among students suffering from IBS. A recent study carried out in Korea on 200 college students with IBS, showed that the severity of irritable bowel syndrome was influenced directly by anxiety and sleep [13]. In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a study conducted to determine the prevalence and predictors of IBS among medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University, reported a prevalence of IBS of 31.8%. Morbid anxiety was recorded as the second highest predictor of IBS [14,15]. Similarly, a study carried out on medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, reported more than 50% students with moderate/high anxiety levels; and found a significant association between anxiety and IBS [14]. It appears, however, that previous research on the topic of IBS in Saudi Arabia has focused mainly on medical and nursing students [14,15,23]. To date, there are limited data regarding the prevalence of anxiety and its severity on IBS among students in other healthcare professions, including nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, physiotherapy, laboratory, and radiology. Firstly, healthcare degrees in Saudi Arabia are predominantly taught in English and for most of these Saudi students, English is a new language for them to learn, which is a major risk factor for anxiety disorder [16]. Secondly, healthcare professions also require long study hours, tough exams, sleep deprivation and clinical training, which have been explained as main predictors of anxiety in medical students [9] [14,15] [17] [20]. Finally, although numerous studies in Saudi Arabia have addressed the impact of IBS on quality of life either in high schools, hospitals, and health care settings [21-24]. There appears to be limited published data available, on the impact this syndrome might have upon the quality of life of university students affected, particularly those residing in the Taif region of Saudi Arabia.

The present study therefore aims to:

1) Measure the prevalence of IBS in a group of health care students in Taif, Saudi Arabia.

2) Determine the relationship between anxiety and IBS in a group of health care students in Taif, Saudi Arabia.

3) Investigate the associations between IBS and quality of life in a group of health care students in Taif, Saudi Arabia.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Research Design

This exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted in the Health College at Taif University (TU), through an internet-based questionnaire. The study was carried out across the six specialties at TU: nursing, physiotherapy, laboratory, radiology, medicine, and pharmacology. A sample of 351 students were included, in the academic year of 2020–2021, ages ranging between 18 to 22 years, comprising first year students to sixth year students. Data were collected over a period of 3 months, February 2021 to April 2021.

2.1.1. Questionnaires

A validated IBS questionnaire was used. The questionnaire consisted of four parts. Firstly, a self-administered questionnaire, to collect baseline information such as socio-demographics and academic data; family history of IBS; previous diagnosis of IBS (carried out by a physician); previous chronic medical diseases; daily lifestyle habits such as number of meals taken and smoking history. Rome IV categories and diagnosis questionnaire was used in the second part of the data collection process [25]. The Rome IV comprises 16 questions that help determine the type and extent of subject’s IBS, based on number of visits made to the physician, level and position of abdominal pain, frequency of symptoms, type of symptoms (particularly after eating a specific food item), duration of symptoms (i.e., > 6 months), pain and frequency of pain during defecation, stool frequencies, and medication intake [25]. A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) was used in the third stage of the data collection process [26]. This questionnaire focused on the subject’s psychological and physiological state, such as anxiety, stress, depression, insomnia, muscular and sensory somatic symptoms, cardiovascular symptoms, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, genitourinary symptoms, and autonomic behavior [26]. Subjects rated their overall symptom severity from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (severe symptoms). Finally, an irritable bowel syndrome-quality of life measure (IBS-QOL) was applied [27]. This comprises a 34-item questionnaire, divided into two scales, involving questions concerning participants quality of life [27]. The first scale consists of 15 items, scored from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extreme yes), and the second scale contains 19 items, scored from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a great deal) [27]. A pilot study was conducted prior to data collection on ten participants to test clarity and applicability of the questionnaires, and modifications were carried out where/when necessary. The study had been approved by the ethics committee of TU. The aim of the study and confirmation of anonymity of the data were provided.

2.1.2. Data Analysis

Study coding and data extraction were carried out using Microsoft Excel. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Distributions of sex and lifestyle factors were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2. BMI = kg/m2, where kg is a person’s weight in kilograms, and m² is their height in meters squared. BMI was categorized as follows: underweight (< 18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), and obesity (BMI >30 or greater). Descriptive analysis of the study population was performed (i.e., mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and frequencies [percentages] for qualitative variables), the relationship between demographic factors, clinical factors, and food behaviors, with IBS was analyzed using Chi-square test. Anxiety and quality of life scores in IBS status were compared using t-tests. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to find the association between anxiety, and quality of life. The dependent variable was IBS, and the independent variables were anxiety, and quality of life. Quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

2.1.3. Results

It was found that 116 students had symptoms of IBS at a frequency of 33.05 %. Most of the study sample were females (77.5 %), with their age ranging between 18 -22 (63.6%). Overweight/obese students comprised 29.9 %, while 35.3% were underweight, and 31.9% were within the normal BMI range. As for their marital status, 10.8 % were married with children, 2.6% were married without children, while 85.8% were single. Most of the studied sample were in nursing school (46.1%). A high percentage of these students had parents with more than a sufficient monthly income (73.3%), while only 21.5% had low-income parents. In addition, 38.7 % of students reported a positive family history of IBS, 12.5% reported suffering from psychological problems, 69.5% reported no previous medical surgeries, 14 % were smokers, and 16% reported suffering from various chronic diseases. Ten percent had one meal/day, 51.5 % had two meals/day, 30.8% had three meals daily, and 7.7 % would have more than three meals/day. High fat diet was associated with symptoms of IBS in 38.2% of the studied sample, spicy food in 30.5%, high intake of fiber in 10%, and finally, chocolate, tea and caffeine were associated with symptoms in 21.3% of these students.

Table 1. Association between socio-demographic factors and IBS

In terms of the association between socio-demographics and IBS among respondents, Table 1 shows a significant association between the health college and IBS, the probability value for chi-square is 0.014. Nursing and laboratory students experienced IBS more than others (62.2% and 17% respectively). There is also a significant association with gender and the level of family income the probability value for chi-square is 0.018 and 0.007, respectively.

Table 2 shows a statistically significant difference between IBS symptoms and previous medical operations, chronic diseases, and family history of IBS ata chi square p-value of 0.003, 0.000 and 0.001, respectively.

Table 2. Association between clinical factors and IBS

Table 3. Association between behavioral factors and IBS

Table 4. Association between gender and IBS based on predominant bowel movement

Table 3 shows a significant association between the frequency of meals eaten per day and IBS (chi-square p-value = 0.002).

According to Table 4, the most common subtype of IBS in male patients was diarrhea (IBS-D) (7% diarrhea vs 5% constipation), while constipation (IBS-C) was the most frequent type among females (21% constipation vs 16% diarrhea).

Table 5. shows lower average anxiety mean scores for health care students with no IBS symptoms (M = 12.4, SD = 10.43) than those who experienced symptoms (M = 18.96, SD = 10.57, p-value =0.000). In terms of quality of life and IBS, a two-tailed independent sample t-test (α = 0.05) was used to compare the means. Results showed a significant difference (t-score = 6.128, p = 0.000). Health care students with IBS reported lower quality of life scores (M =52.17, SD =21.06) than those without IBS (M = 67.41, SD = 23.59).

Table 5. Comparison of anxiety, quality of life scores with IBS

Table 6. Eight regression models examining the effect of IBS on health students’ quality of life

A multiple regression model shows a significant impact of IBS on student’s quality of life, specifically food avoidance, followed by the interference activity. On the other hand, the variables least influenced by IBS were relationships and body image.

3. Discussion

The present study was designed to assess anxiety and quality of life in a group of healthcare students exhibiting symptoms of IBS in Taif, Saudi Arabia. The leading hypothesis was that anxiety is highly associated with IBS symptoms which has a great impact on the quality of life of students in the health field [28,29]. The prevalence of IBS amongst our study group was 33 % which is slightly higher than previous studies conducted in Jeddah, and in the central region of Saudi Arabia; where IBS prevalence rates were reported to be 31.8% and 30.5%, respectively [15,24]. In addition, prevalence rates in the current study were relatively higher than surrounding Arab countries such as Lebanon and Egypt where the recorded overall prevalence of IBS among university students was 20% and 31.7%, respectively [24,30].

Gender appears to play an important role in IBS. Most IBS cases, in this study, were females at a percentage rate of 58.2%. These results are consistent with studies carried out amongst health students at King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences in Saudi Arabia; and medical students at Ain Shams University, Egypt, and Magnolia Medical University, China [9] [14] [31]. Similarly, according to a systematic review by Kim et al., irritable bowel syndrome has been reported to be a more common disease in women, with a female-to-male ratio of 2–2.5:1, in terms of those who seek medical care [32]. In addition, studies in Japan and India reported higher IBS cases in females than males, with reported 41.5% of females compared to 13.8% of males in Japan [33], and 22.7% of females and 8.9% of males in India [34]. The underlying reasons for the female predominance of IBS, remains largely unknown, as limited data exists in the literature on gender differences in IBS prevalence rate [32] [35,36,37]. It has been suggested, however, that the greater prevalence of IBS in women reflects physiologic differences in disease expression, and symptom perception (an underestimation of prevalence in men due to symptom under-reporting) [38,39].

Results also showed diarrhea as the most common subtype of IBS in male patients (IBS-D) (7% diarrhea vs 5% constipation), while constipation (IBS-C) was the most frequent type among females (21% constipation vs 16% diarrhea). This is consistent with several studies demonstrating a female predominance in IBS-C [40,41]. A meta-analysis by Adeyemo et al. reported a greater prevalence of constipation-associated symptoms in women, particularly bloating and abdominal distension, than men. Men had a greater prevalence of diarrhea-associated symptoms of loose-watery stools and increased stool frequency [40]. Similarly, both studies by Anbardan et al. and Herman et al. reported higher prevalence of bowel movements and looser stool in men while women generally reported abdominal pain and constipation-related symptoms [41,42].

Despite limited comprehensive data, psychological (i.e., depression, anxiety), and anatomical factors (i.e., sex hormones) are believed to contribute to gender-related differences in the prevalence and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome [38,43]. It is therefore necessary to explore the mechanisms underlying these gender-related differences, to develop different treatment strategies appropriate to meet the specific needs of women versus men.

An association between previously undergone surgeries and IBS symptoms was also noted in our study sample, although the specific types of surgeries associated with IBS symptoms were not explicitly assessed. Longstreth et al., on the other hand, reported an independent association between IBS diagnosis and increased rates of cholecystectomy, appendectomy, hysterectomy, and back surgery [44]. Hence, further research is warranted to investigate specific surgeries responsible for triggering IBS symptoms, in order to avoid future nonessential surgeries, particularly on those pre-disposed to the development of IBS [44].

Results also suggested that genetics may play a role in the etiology of IBS as family history was reported as statistically significant. These findings are consistent with previous research. According to a study by Whorwell et al., one-third of IBS patients reported another family member with IBS, even in patients without a concurrent psychiatric diagnosis [45,46]. In another study, having a first-degree relative with IBS was one of the main characteristics found to be predictive of IBS [46,47]. Nonetheless, other studies have shown that there may be individuals with sporadic or non-familial IBS as well [46,48].

Eating habits and dietary balance can play a very important role in the development and severity of IBS-related symptoms. These factors are particularly important in students as they are more likely to be less cautious with their diet [9]. The dietary variable assessed in the current study was meal frequency. Meal frequency appears to be one of the less investigated dietary habits with relation to functional GI disorders [49]. A highly significant value was detected between meals eaten per day and IBS symptoms (p=0.002). Irritable bowel syndrome was more prevalent in students that had less meals per day (1-2 meals/day compared to those who had 3). Findings of several previous investigations were consistent with the current study [49-51]. A study by Vakhshoori et al., reported declined risk of IBS symptoms among female participants consuming three main meals each day [49]. A cross-sectional study by Kim et al., reported similar findings [51]. Individuals suffering from IBS missed their daily meals more frequently compared with healthy subjects [51]. A possible explanation for this relationship would be related to GI motility [49,52]. Skipping meals is associated with the loss of gastro-colonic reflex and impacted faeces [49,52]. By increasing frequency of main meal taking, this reflex might be improved which could lead to decreased symptoms of IBS [49,52].

The importance of psychological factors in IBS is well established in previous research. It is believed that the changes in central nervous system (CNS) in response to psychological and physical stressors lead to colonic spasms, which results in the manifestation of IBS symptoms [9,14]. University students are likely to be under a lot of stress due to the immense academic load [9,29]. The current study has confirmed that a significant correlation exists between abnormal gastrointestinal movements and anxiety. A highly significant difference (p=0.000) was detected between anxiety and symptoms of IBS among the health care students investigated. These results are similar to those by Elhosseiny et al., who documented high rates of psychiatric comorbidity; including 32.9% anxiety and 26.1% depression, compared to 26.3% and 27.2% borderline anxiety and depression [9]. A study in Jeddah, reported similar results, of 40.1% and 41.9% morbid anxiety and morbid depression, compared to 29.5% and 31.5% borderline depression and no depression [15].

A statistically significant relationship between IBS and quality of life (p=0.000) was reported in the current study. The greatest impairment in quality of life was observed for the subscale of food avoidance followed by interference activity, sexual activity, dysphoria, healthy worry, social reaction, body image and relationships. These findings were similar to those from a study by Kopczyńska et al., in which the greatest impairments of similar magnitude were shown for food avoidance, dysphoria and interference activity [53]. Also, Drossman et al., found that in IBS the most impaired domains were food avoidance, dysphoria, interference activity [54].

Consequently, our study has shown that IBS contributes to the negative impact on QOL, specifically food avoidance and interference activity. This may cause student attention deficits in class, behavioral and emotional struggles, and low self-esteem. Unfortunately, mental health therapists/student counseling and nutritional programs are not available at universities in Saudi Arabia. It is therefore recommended that first and foremost, through government funding, a psychologist and/or life coach and nutritionist be present at the campus to help students manage their dietary habits and anxiety levels.

4. Conclusion

Undergraduate students, particularly those studying health care are likely to be subjected to substantial amounts of anxiety, a major contributing factor to the increased prevalence of IBS, and its’ impact on quality of life. The present study shows that IBS is associated with anxiety levels which is connected to impaired patient quality of life, especially food avoidance and interference with daily activities. Assessment of psychosocial factors (anxiety) and health related QOL should be provided during patients’ visits to outpatient clinics. Addressing the gastrointestinal symptoms alone may not improve QOL in IBS. Psychological and psychiatric treatment may contribute to the improved IBS and patient well-being.

Limitations of the Study

Gender differences in IBS symptoms were not thoroughly explored in this study, mainly because most participants were female, as evident in numerous previous IBS research, thus limiting gender comparisons. In addition, the specific types of surgeries associated with IBS symptoms were not explicitly assessed. However, existing data suggest that gynecological surgeries may trigger the development of the irritable bowel syndrome [55].

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