Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Market Interlinked, System Non-specialized: Farmland Transfer Impacts on Rural Labor Mobility

Danzhu Lai, Heyuan Huang, Zhipeng Du, Yiming He*

National School of Agricultural Institution & Development, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China

Abstract: A survey was conducted on Canton of China land owners transferring farmland property rights and migrating from rural area to urban. The research objective was to determine how the farmland property rights transfer impacted rural labor migration behavior. Theoretical models proved that transfer of farmland would drive rural labor migration. Empirical results showed farmland transfer market interlinks with rural labor market in a non-specialized production system.

Keywords: farmland transfer, labor mobility, specialization, spatial spillover

Citation: Danzhu Lai, Heyuan Huang, Zhipeng Du, Yiming He, Market Interlinked, System Non-specialized: Farmland Transfer Impacts on Rural Labor Mobility. Journal of Finance and Economics, 5 (5). 233-239. January 2017. doi:10.12691/jfe-5-5-5

1. Introduction

The objective of the paper is to examine the impacts of farmland transfer on rural labor mobility. It is being increasingly appreciated in the literature on agrarian development that many of the key issues cannot be, analyzed without an understanding of the nature of interlinkage of factor markets (particularly those of land and labor) in the specific institutional context of a poor agrarian economy [1]. The economists work out hypotheses about the relation of the equilibrium percentage of area under tenancy with land quality factors, labor-intensity of crops, extent of unemployment, interest rates, weather uncertainty, etc [2]. Not only do rural markets abound with examples of such deals, but it is increasingly being appreciated by economists, aided by the findings of social anthropologists, that interlinkage could be the key to understanding many puzzling characteristics of rural markets [3].

Basically, the main literature on factor market linkage could be divided into two branches. The one surrounds credit market and refers to other market, such as labor market and land market [4]. For instance, [5] examines interlocked transactions between traders and landowners in the cotton and wheat markets in Sindh that facilitate the provision of credit by traders. It is concluded that the case examined provides an example where traders lend to landowners in a segment of the credit market that approximates competitive behavior, without surplus extraction by traders. [6] analyze a landlord and a moneylender as two players and demonstrate that there exist circumstances in which interlinkage is superior, even with nonlinear loan contracts, a result that carries over when there is moral hazard.

Although much attention recently has been devoted to agrarian credit markets, the potential for interlinked credit marketing arrangements for particular cash crops to promote food crop intensification remains undiminished [7]. Results indicate that households engaging in interlinked marketing programs for selected cash crops applied considerably greater fertiliser on other crops (primarily cereals) not directly purchased by the cash crop trading firm [8].

The literature on market interlinking toward the perspective of factor contract is the other branch [9,10,11], especially for the interlinked contracts [12]. Originally, [13] explores the nature of interlinked contract under adverse selection and finds interlinkage of contracts reduces investment and is second-best but the non interlinked contracts is first-best. [14] suggest a new rationale for the existence of inter-linked contracts in the agrarian economies of developing countries and show how interlinked contracts can help the dominant parties to collude in cases where collusion is not possible with non-interlinked contracts between the markets for credit and share tenancy.

In addition to work by [15], interlinked factor markets can be considered as one of the "efficiency improving institutional change" in rural agrarian economy. There is an emerging body of literature analyzing how smallholder farmers in developing countries can be linked to modern supply chains. However, most of the available studies concentrate on farm and farmer characteristics, failing to capture details of institutional arrangements between farmers and traders of agricultural production factors. [16] address these gaps by analyzing different market channels for sweet pepper in Thailand and found additional provision of inputs and credit can increase the attractiveness of contracts in the interlinking factor markets.

Finally, [17] argues, using Coasian-like hypothetical theory, that cooperative property rights protection contracts are more efficient in allocation of resources based on the asymmetric information structure. That is if factor markets are based on cooperative contracts, under the incomplete information environment, allocation of resources in the interlinking factor markets would be better off.

In this research, we utilized a survey of Canton in China farmland households to examine problems or issues with rural labor mobility to urban. The objective of this research was to test whether farmland operation of property rights transfer leads to more rural population with farmland contracting right migrate outside and therefore, a higher space spillover effect of rural labor mobility among the neighbor regions. The research hypothesis is that transfer of farmland of property rights leads to rural labor mobility.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The economic model is presented in section II. Section III describes the empirical framework. A summary of the data and the result of our analysis are also presented in this section. Finally, conclusion of our main findings is presented in section IV.

2. Model Setup

2.1. Assumption

Following [18]’s infra-marginal model of specialization, let us consider an economy with M identical consumer-producers. There is one consumer good (agricultural product) and one intermediate good (farmland) in this economy. The self-provided amounts of the consumer and intermediate goods are y and x, respectively. The quantities of the two goods sold in the market are ys and xs, respectively. The quantities of the two goods purchased in the market are yd and xd, respectively.

In order to produce the agricultural product, the farmland is a necessary input. We assume farmland is the intermediate goods to yield final agricultural product and farmer’s labor is the initial input contributing into the final agricultural production. So, suppose the farmland operation function is:

[picture] | (2.1)

Where the amount self-provided of farmland is x, is the quantity of farmland transferred, denotes the degree of economies of specialization in operating the farmland, denotes is a farmer’s level of specialization in operating the farmland.

Suppose labor and land are complete complementary goods, so we can use the Leontief Production Function to express the relationship between input and output of agricultural factors. A farmer’s production function for the agricultural product is

[picture] | (2.2)

Where denotes the self-provided of agricultural product, denotes the sale of agricultural product, denotes the farmland operation coefficient of agricultural product, is the labor share in producing the agricultural product and y + ys is the output level of this agricultural product. is the labor operation coefficient of the agricultural product, and denotes the transaction efficiency parameter, The fraction t of xd disappears in transaction. Hence, is the amount a farmer receives from the purchase of farmland.

It is assumed that labor is specific for a farmer and there is a constraint on the total labor share, given by

[picture] | (2.3)

The transaction function in rural factor market is:

[picture] | (2.4)

Where denotes the price of farmland transferred, denotes the price of agricultural product, denotes the demand for agricultural product. The utility function is identical for all farmers and given by:

[picture] | (2.5)

Where denotes the transaction efficiency of agricultural product in rural market, denotes is the amount a farmer receives from the purchase of the agricultural product.

2.2. Solution

(1) Autarky(Non-specilization)

Each farmer self-provides all goods, so . Assuming this in the decision problem (2.1)-(2.5) yields

Because farmland and farmer’s labor are complete complementary goods, the ratio between them is a constant, which is , so we can get the solution:

and

(2) Specialization on farmland operation

Farmers specialize in farmland operation, so they do not provide labor in final product. Hence, , and . The farmer’s utility maximum problem can be transformed into:

Then, we can get the solution:

(3) Specialization on agricultural product production

Farmers specialize in agricultural product production, so they do not provide labor in operating farmland. Hence, and .The farmer’s utility maximum problem can be transformed into:

From the previous condition that , farmers purchase farmland equal to the actual labor contributing into production of agricultural product, and then, so we can obtain the solution:

2.3. Discussion

From the discussion above, in case and , then and , autarky is better than specialization either on operating farmland or producing agricultural product. In case and ,then and , specialization on operating farmland is the optimal decision. In case and , then and , specialization on producing agricultural product is the best choice for farmers.

Proposition 1 The transfer of farmland would reduce the farmer’s utility in autarky.

Additionally, according to in autarky, taking derivative with respect to x, we get. It means that if farmer transfers his or her farmland to others(x declines), his or her utility decreases.

Proposition 2 The decrease farmer’s utility in autarky results in rural labor mobility in non-specialized system.

Now, according to in autarky, taking derivative with respect to , we get. It means that if farmer’s utility level declines, his or her labor contributing to operating farmland and producing agricultural product decrease. The implication of that is more and more rural labor migrate into non-agricultural production industries where would locates in urban.

Hypothesis: The transfer of farmland would drive rural labor mobility.

The economic explanation of the hypothesis is that farmland transfer market interlinks with rural labor market in a non-specialized production system.

3. Methods and Data

The rural labor mobility econometric model is expressed as follows:

[picture] | (3.1)

Where is rural labor mobility for the ith household, is agricultural technology extension and education for the ith household, is non-agricultural technology extension and education for the ith household, is the endowment effect after confirmation of farmland, is the degree of difficulty the ith household to loan from bank. is error term which is assumed to be independently and identically distributed. is amount of farmland transferred from the ith household.

In order to estimate the spatial spillover effects of farmland transfer on rural labor mobility using equation (3.2). The spatial probability model specification of rural labor mobility for the ith household can now be written as:

[picture] | (3.2)

Where is the stochastic disturbance term, is the probability distribution of stochastic disturbance term, is the spatial weighted matrix.

Data for the analysis were taken from the Dec 2014 Land Resource Management Study (LRMS). The LRMS is conducted annually by the South China Agriculture University of National Agricultural Institution and Development Institute. The survey collects data from cross sectional data with 547 rural labor mobility observations from 600 households in 60 villages.

The target population of the survey is farm households associated with farmland leasing businesses in 15 representative cities in Guangdong Province of China, including Chaozhou, Meizhou, Jieyang, Heyuan, Shanwei, Huizhou, Shaoguan, Qingyuan, Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Yangjiang, Maoming, Zhanjiang. A farm is defined as an establishment that lease or normally would have transfer rural land use right during the year. Farms can be organized as proprietorships, partnerships, family corporations, nonfamily corporations, or cooperatives. Data are collected from one household per farm, i.e., the head of farm operator. A head farm operator is the operator who makes most of the day-to-day management decisions. For the purpose of this study, operator households organized as nonfamily corporations or cooperatives and farms run by hired managers were excluded. Table 1 presents all the variables and their definitions. These values decided, by household’s subjective self-report.

Table 1. Variable Definitions (n=547)

Table 2 presents summary statistics for each of the variables in the analysis. As we know, the sample data in Table 2 exhibit good variability.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics

4. Basic Empirical Results

The regressions for Logit model and Probit model were statistically significant (Table 3). The main independent variable of interest (L) did have a statistically significant, positive coefficient explaining rural labor mobility from model 1 to model 4 (Table 3). In these models, F Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were other unique factor variables that explained reported problems with statistically significant coefficients (Table 3).

Table 3. Regression Results for Logit and Probit model (dependent variable=M)

Firstly, in order to deal with the endogenous issue, we add regression residual as instrumental variable. Table 3 shows that the significant level of all explanation variables on rural labor mobility arises. Especially for the coefficient of farmland transfer, its magnitude increases most. It means that regression residual is a good instrumental variable in the regression.

Secondly, Table 3 shows that, farmland transfer positively associates with rural labor mobility. That is to say, the marginal effect of farmland transfer on rural labor mobility is positive, which is consistent with the hypothesis.

At last, adding residual as instrumental variable not only eliminates the endogenous issue, but also guarantee the sign of the marginal effect of explanation variables and significance are highly consistent, which shows that the estimation is robustness in the model.

5. Spatial Regression Extension

In order to further observe the spatial spillover effect of farmland transfer on rural labor mobility, we conduct the spatial econometric test. Considering the data from 15 cities of Guangdong Province, therefore, to construct the spatial weighted matrix, the value of element in spatial weighted matrix is 1, if the cities are adjacent. And the value of element in spatial weighted matrix is 0, if the cities are not adjacent. That is to say, in this part, we divide the sample of 547 observations into 15 groups. The calculation rule is that if the value of variable is 0 and 1, then the ratio of the city equals “1”; if the values of variable are 1,2,3,4 and 5, then we calculate the ratio of city's value which is higher than the average value.

The independent variable is the rural labor mobility (), the dependent variable are the proportion of farmland transfer (), the ratio of degree of difficulty for households to loan from bank (), the ratio of agricultural technology extension and education (), the ratio of non-agricultural technology extension and education (), and the ratio of endowment effect after farmland confirmation ().

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of spatial econometrics

The results of Moran index test and the Geary coefficient test are as follows:

Table 5. Spatial Autocorrelation Test

The Table 5 shows that, the P values of the one-sided test in Moran test is less than 10 percent and P values of the one-sided test in Geary coefficient test is less than 5 percent, indicating the existence of spatial dependence.

Table 6 shows that the ratio of the endowment effect after farmland confirmation had no significant effect and the ratio of agricultural technology extension and education has significant negative effect, indicating that the more the agricultural extension is, the less the probability that household move outside agriculture is. The rural labor mobility has significant positive effect, which does not reject the hypothesis. It means farmland transfer market interlinks with rural labor market in a non-specialized production system.

Table 6. SEM Estimated Results

6. Conclusions

This research examined whether farmland transfer impacted rural labor mobility. The results of theoretic models proved that: (1) The transfer of farmland would reduce the farmer’s utility in autarky. (2) The decrease farmer’s utility in autarky results in rural labor mobility in non-specialized system. (3) The transfer of farmland would drive rural labor mobility, which means farmland transfer market interlinks with rural labor market in a non-specialized production system.

The econometric results show that agricultural technology extension and education, non-agricultural technology extension and education, the degree of difficulty to loan from bank and amount of farmland transferred were the variables that explain reported problems with statistically significant coefficients. The coefficient for variable endowment effect after confirmation of farmland was not statistically significant.

Additionally, the spatial regression results demonstrate that the ratio of the endowment effect after farmland confirmation had no significant effect and the ratio of agricultural technology extension and education has significant negative effect, indicating that the more the agricultural extension is, the less the probability that household move outside agriculture is. The rural labor mobility has significant positive effect. It means farmland transfer market interlinks with rural labor market in a non-specialized production system.

Future research avenues include development of an infra-marginal model of agricultural production system specialized. This model would require an in-depth analysis of specialization of agricultural attributes along with specially developed non-linear programming. In addition, a similar empirical framework could be extended to cover farmland market, rural financial market, and rural labor market using logistic regression method. Finally, field experiment coverage could be conducted to encompass states with rural factor markets interlinked. This strategy would enable researchers to examine whether or not rural labor market structure and rural financial market reform are altered when farmland transfer market are expanded.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for providing valuable insights about our models and linking our research results to policy suggestions. The authors take responsibility for any omissions or errors. This research was supported by Guangdong complementary fund of National Ten Thousand Outstanding Young Scholar Program “The Paradigm of Agricultural Deregulation”, the Project of Guangdong College Excellent Young Teacher Training Plan [Yq2014032], and the Natural Science Foundation of China [71333004; 7174100062].

References

[1]   | Bardhan, Pranab K. 1980. “Interlocking Factor Markets and Agrarian Development: A Review of Issues.” Oxford Economic Papers 32(1): 82-98.
[2]   | Bardhan, Pranab K. 1979. “Agricultural Development and Land Tenancy in a Peasant Economy:A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 67(3): 48-57.
[3]   | Basu, Kaushik. 1983. “The Emergence of Isolation and Interlinkage in Rural Markets.” Oxford Economic Papers 35(2): 262-80.
[4]   | Chakrabarty, Debajyoti, and Ananish Chaudhuri. 2001. “Formal and Informal Sector Credit Institutions and Interlinkage.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 46(3): 313-25.
[5]   | Smith, L. E D, Michael Stockbridge, and Hari Ram Lohano. 1999. “Facilitating the Provision of Farm Credit: The Role of Interlocking Transactions between Traders and Zamindars in Crop Marketing Systems in Sindh.” World Development 27(2): 403-18.
[6]   | Basu, Kaushik, Clive Bell, and Pinaki Bose. 2000. “Interlinkage, Limited Liability and Strategic Interaction.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 42(4): 445-62.
[7]   | Gill, Anita. 2004. “Interlinked Agrarian Credit Markets. Case Study of Punjab.” Economic and Political Weekly 39(33): 3741-51.
[8]   | Jayne, T. S., Takashi Yamano, and James Nyoro. 2004. “Interlinked Credit and Farm Intensification: Evidence from Kenya.” Agricultural Economics 31(2-3 SPEC. ISS.): 209-18.
[9]   | Ghatak, Maitreesh, and Priyanka Pandey. 2000. “Contract Choice in Agriculture with Joint Moral Hazard in Effort and Risk.” Journal of Development Economics 63(2): 303-26.
[10]   | Yoder, Jonathan, Ishrat Hossain, Francis Epplin, and Damona Doye. 2008. “Contract Duration and the Division of Labor in Agricultural Land Leases.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 65(3-4): 714-33.
[11]   | Huffman, W.E., and K. Fukunaga. 2008. “Sustainable Land Use: Landlord-Tenant Contracting in the United States of America.” NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 55(4): 379-96. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1573521408800279.
[12]   | Gill, Kaveri. 2007. “Interlinked Contracts and Social Power: Patronage and Exploitation in India’s Waste Recovery Market.” Journal of Development Studies 43: 1448-74.
[13]   | Banerji, Sanjay. 1995. “Interlinkage, Investment and Adverse Selection.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 28(1): 11-21.
[14]   | Motiram, Sripad, and James A. Robinson. 2010. “Interlinking and Collusion.” Review of Development Economics 14(2): 282-301.
[15]   | Aryeetey, By Ernest, and Christopher Udry. 2010. “American Economic Association Creating Property Rights: Land Banks in Ghana Author (S): Source:” The American Economic Review 100(2): 130-34.
[16]   | Schipmann, Christin, and Matin Qaim. 2011. “Supply Chain Differentiation, Contract Agriculture, and Farmers’ Marketing Preferences: The Case of Sweet Pepper in Thailand.” Food Policy 36(5): 666-76.
[17]   | He, Yiming, and Shaohui Gao. 2017. “Coasian Theorem, Public Domain, and Property Rights Protection.” Asian Economic and Financial Review 7(5): 470-85. http://www.aessweb.com/journals/May2017/5002/3677.
[18]   | Yang, Xiaokai, and Yew Kwang Ng. 1995. “Theory of the Firm and Structure of Residual Rights.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 26(1): 107-28.