Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

The Moments for Solution of the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Interest Rate Model

M. A. Jafari*, S. Abbasian

Department of Financial Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 15875-1111, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: In finance, the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model (or CIR model) explains the evolution of interest rates. This model has no general explicit solution. In this paper, the moments of solution for the CIR model are obtained explicitly.

Keywords: Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model, interest rate model, the moments for solution of CIR model, square-root diffusion

Citation: M. A. Jafari, S. Abbasian, The Moments for Solution of the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Interest Rate Model. Journal of Finance and Economics, 5 (1). 34-37. January 2017. doi:10.12691/jfe-5-1-4

1. Introduction

A Stochastic differential equation (SDE) is a differential equation in which one or more of the terms has a random components. In general, SDE has the following form

[picture] | (1)

where is drift term, and is diffusion therm. SDEs are used in finance (for e.g. in the stock-price models, option pricing, and interest rate models), biology (for e.g. in the epidemic models, predator-prey models, and population models), physics (for e.g. in the ion transport, nuclear reactor kinetics, chemical reaction, and cotton fiber breakage), and stochastic control to model various phenomena. In finance, SDEs are used to model stock and asset prices, and interest rates. The dynamics of interest rates, have an important role in the decisions related to an investment, and the transactions based on lending rate. Interest rates have properties such as positivity, boundedness, and return to equilibrium which make them behave differently from stock and asset prices. The short-term interest rate is one of the key financial variables in any economy. SDEs have been applied to model the evolution of interest rates for a short-time period. The first stochastic model for interest rates introduced by Oldrich Vasicek in 1977. This model satisfies the following stochastic differential equation form

[picture] | (2)

In this model Therefore, the main disadvantage of this model is that it is theoretically possible for the interest rate to become negative. The CIR model was introduced by John Carrington Cox, Jonathan Edwards Ingersoll and Stephen Alan Ross in 1985 and satisfies the following stochastic differential equation form (for further see [3,6,7] and references therein)

[picture] | (3)

where and are positive constants. is the speed of mean reversion. is mean level or long term rate constant and regulates the volatility. In this model, the stochastic term has a standard deviation proportion to the square root of the current rate. This implies that as the rate increase, its standard deviation increase and as it falls and approach zero, the stochastic term also approach zero. In this model, the probability density of interest rate at time t, conditional on its value at the current time s, is given by [2]

[picture] | (4)

where

[picture] | (5)

and is the modified Bessel function of the first kind of order defined as

[picture] | (6)

Other classical models are Dothan, Rendleman-Barter, Courtadon and exponential Vasicek models. Recently, other models have proposed by SDEs on manifolds [6].

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, for convenience of the reader, some basic definitions, and mathematical preliminaries of the stochastic calculus are presented. Furthermore, the CIR model is solved in this section. Finally, in Section 3, the moments for solution of CIR model is obtained.

2. Basic Concepts of the Stochastic Calculus

In the following, some preliminary are reviewed in stochastic calculus [1,4,5,8,9]. In addition, stochastic CIR model is solved in this section.

Definition 1 Brownian motion is a stochastic process with the following properties:

1.

2. It has a continuous path.

3. For all non-overlapping time interval the random variables and are independent, i.e.

4. For all and the increment is a normal variable, with zero mean and variance (i.e. ).

Definition 2 A process is called -adapted, if for all is -measurable.

Definition 3 An Itô process has the form

[picture] | (7)

where and are -adapted, such that and It is said that the process has the stochastic differential on

[picture] | (8)

Let X(t) and Y (t) are Itô processes. Then the following properties are satisfied.

1.

[picture] | (9)

2.

[picture] | (10)

Furthermore, if we have

3. Zero mean property

[picture] | (11)

4. Isometry property

[picture] | (12)

In other words, the expectation of an Ito integral is zero. In the following, the CIR model is solved.

Theorem 1 Let

[picture] | (13)

Then the exact solution is given by

[picture] | (14)

Proof. The equation (13) changes to the following form

[picture] | (15)

Multiplying both sides of the relation (15) by results in

[picture] | (16)

Now, integrating both sides of the relation (16) on gives us

Consequently, the relation (14) is derived.

According to the above Theorem, the CIR model has no general explicit solution. However, its mean and variance can be calculated explicitly.

Theorem 2 The expectation and variance of are given by

[picture] | (17)

Proof. Taking the expectation from both sides of the relation (14) result in

[picture] | (18)

It is interesting to note that Finally, the variance can be calculated as

[picture] | (19)

3. The Moments of the Solution for CIR Model

In this Section, the expectation of for (i.e. the moments of ) is computed in Theorem 3.

Theorem 3 For any we have

[picture] | (20)

where and

Proof. By using the relation (14) we have

[picture] | (21)

where Therefore, we get

[picture] | (22)

Taking the expectation from both sides of the relation (22) results in

[picture] | (23)

By noting the relation (12), for j = 2k, and we have

[picture] | (24)

Similarly, by noting the relation (11), for and we have

[picture] | (25)

Therefore, by using simultaneously the relations (24) and (25), the relation (23) simplifies as

[picture] | (26)

where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to . The following program, written by Maple, generates . In this program I supposed N = 10, t = 1, and which can easily be changed by the user.

Program 1. Computing the E[rn(t)] using the general formula (26)

The CIR model belongs to the family of diffusion processes, also known as square-root diffusions, and satisfies the following stochastic differential equation

[picture] | (27)

The distribution function for r(t) is Noncentral Chi-square, with degrees of freedom and parameter of non-centrality proportional to the current spot rate [2]. This distribution function is given by

[picture] | (28)

Remark 1. If we set and in the relation (26), the moments of square-root diffusion process can easily be computed.

Remark 2. Note that by using the simultaneously the relations (26) and (28), For all we have

[picture] | (29)

4. Conclusion

In this paper, the moments of the solution for the CIR model are obtained explicitly. In addition, numerical implement is presented by Maple. Finally, we would like to emphasize that by using these moments, new identities can be resulted.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to reviewers for carefully reading the paper and for their comments and suggestions which have improved the paper.

References

[1]   | E. Allen, Modeling with Itô Stochastic Differential Equations, Springer, 2007.
[2]   | J. C. Cox, J. E. Ingersoll, and S. A. Ross, A Theory of The Structure of Interest Rates, Econometrica, 53(2) (1985), 385-408.
[3]   | S. Crepey, Financial Modeling, Springer-Verlag, 2013.
[4]   | R. Durrett, Probability Theory and Examples, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[5]   | T. C. Gard, Introduction to Stochastic Differential Equations, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988.
[6]   | J. James, and N. Webber, Interest Rate Modelling, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
[7]   | M. Jeanblanc, M. Yor, and M. Chesney, Mathematical Methods for Financial Markets, Springer-Verlag, 2009.
[8]   | F. C. Klebaner, Introduction to Stochastic Differential Calculus with Appllication, Imperial College Press, 2005.
[9]   | B. Âksendal, Stochastic Differential Equations: An Introduction with Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2003.