Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Stock Returns and Forecast: Case of Tunisia with ARCH Model

Ben Mbarek Kais

University of Manouba, Tunisia

Abstract: The forecasts allow you to predict future values of historical time series data. With the possibilities of forecasting, you can make projections of future values based on the values of the past. Using projections, organizations can prepare for the changes in the economic or competitive conditions by analyzing historical time series data to predict performance and future trends. For example, in a supply chain, if the expected demand match the actual demand, significant efficiencies can be achieved in terms of production, distribution and return. Forecasts use various predictive methods based on mathematical algorithms that model the future demand based on historical time series data that can be obtained from queries and tables containing columns of date or time. The overall objective is to choose a method to generate a time series model best fit values of the past, identifying existing data patterns and projecting the model in the future to generate the forecast. The purpose of this article is to analyze the volatility behavior of the Tunisian stock returns series index TSR in daily frequency over January 1984 to June 2010 period. We will present various non linear models for the behavior of these series through the Arch models. However, these processes are based on the assumption of non autocorrelation endogenous variable in long term. In fact, these models have autocorrelation that decay very quickly when the delay increases.

Keywords: volatility, ARCH model, Tunisian stock exchange, forecasting

Received May 19, 2015; Revised June 16, 2015; Accepted July 14, 2015

Citation: Ben Mbarek Kais, Stock Returns and Forecast: Case of Tunisia with ARCH Model. Journal of Finance and Economics, 3 (3). 55-60. January 2015. doi:10.12691/jfe-3-3-2

1. Introduction

The relationship between the volume of exchange and the stock price has attracted the attention of many academics. In fact, the majority of empirical studies that have been conducted have found a positive correlation between volatility and stock exchange, this work has been especially developed by Bollerslev, Gibson and Zhou in 2004, Ehrmenn and Rigobon, Daniel Stavarek and Desislava Dimitrova in 2005. In most theoretical models that have been developed to explore the relationship between volume and dynamics of stock prices is generated due to the asymmetry of information. The following test can be used to predict future values of the Tunisian stock returns series index TSR; in fact, if the time series is relatively fixed with no general tendency to fluctuate in a part of the series compared with another part of the series, the moving average parameters, weighted moving average or exponential smoothing only provide the best fit model. If the time series shows a trend with a systematic upward or downward movement over time, the double exponential smoothing model provides the best fit.

2. Volatility Test

2.1. Shiller Test

Shiller retains the rational valuation formula as a model for determining the course of action. Therefore, the course of action is determinate by the core values, that is to say, the actual discounted value of expected future dividends:

[picture] | (2.1)

with : the final anticipated rate at t+n.

It is assumed that all investors have the same vision of the future. Therefore, all investors are the same anticipation of future dividends and it is also assumed that the discount factor is constant over all future periods. is defined by were k is the required rate of return.

However assuring a required constant nominal return rate is unrealistic and well testing model estimate invariably a real constant discount rate and therefore the stock prices changes are also measured in real terms.

The data sets will be calculated using the following formula:

The data sets will be calculated using the following formula:

[picture] | (2.2)

When calculating , the influence of the final prices is pretty minimal since is relatively low. However, if agents do not make systematic forecasting errors, so we will expect that these forecast errors in a large sample of data to be positive as negative and on average they will be almost zero. Therefore, it can be expected that the weighted sum of the prediction errors is relatively small and the general movements are correlated with .

With

[picture] | (2.3)

However, we can see that the correlation between and is low, and we reject the approach that the stock price are determined in an efficient market. However, the relationship between the variance of and where for where the variance of the sample is given by the following formula:

[picture] | (2.4)

Where the sample mean

n: number of observations

Forecast errors for investors can be represented by

Where

[picture] | (2.5)

If investors are rational, will be independent of all the information available at time t makes their forecasts.

Will be as follows:

[picture] | (2.6)

Informational efficiency implies that is zero and we obtain:

[picture] | (2.7)

Since the variance of the forecast error is positive, we have:

[picture] | (2.8)

Therefore, if the market product a stock price changes in accordance with the formula of rational assessment and if agents are rational to exploit the information and if the discount factor is constant, we will expect that the unequal variances are checked and the ratio variance or the ratio of the standard deviation SDR is greater than unity:

2.2. Inequality Volatility

Inequality Shiller volatility is a pure consequence of the assumption that the real stock price is an optimal unbiased estimator of prices perfectly planned.

[picture] | (2.9)

With random error term and

With all information

In other words, is a sufficient statistic for predicting and no other information than can improve prediction of .

In this sense, is optimum this implies that the conditional prediction error be independent and therefore uncorrelated with since and is independent of This means that This is the informational efficiency. Using the definition of the covariance for the stationary series, we have the equation:

[picture] | (2.10)

The definition of the correlation coefficient between and is given by this equation:

[picture] | (2.11)

Replacing cov of (2.10) by (2.11), we obtained variances equality:

[picture] | (2.12)

However, we know that the maximum value of we have:

[picture] | (2.13)

Volatility corresponds at the variation of assets prices. More fluctuation of underlying asset are rising and volatility will be high. Conversely, if these fluctuations are dropping volatility is low, it measures the price volatility of a financial asset. Thus, the higher the more risk you take will be important, however, the gain will be considerable.

3. Presentation of ARCH Model

3.1. Model Specification

In 1982 Engle developed the ARCH models (Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) to allow the variance of a series depending on the available set of information, including time. This class of models is designed to overcome the shortcomings of traditional ARMA representations not adapted to financial issues. Financial series are indeed characterized by a variable volatility and asymmetry phenomena that can not be taken into account by modeling the type of ARMA. However, economic Viewpoint, it is particularly important to understand the volatility model of a series. Indeed, investment decisions depend strongly not only of the evaluation of future returns, but also on the risks associated with various actions constituting portfolios. The estimate of the volatility of the profitability of an action provides a measure of risk attached to it. In addition, if the process followed by the volatility is specified correctly, it can provide useful in determining the process generating the returns information. ARCH models are based on an endogenous parameterization of the conditional variance. These processes have achieved significant success in financial applications partly due to the fact that they allow to rewrite the structural models for the choice of optimal portfolios, the relationship between asset returns and asset profitability and return on market portfolio.

Indeed, in ARCH model , is a process such as:

[picture] | (3.1)

With is the conditional variance process. Thus, the conditional variance is a measure of volatility assets which may vary over time in this type of process, unlike the ARMA process where it is assumed constant.

Furthermore, the process is not observable; it can match the innovation of a process of the ARMA series.

[picture] | (3.2)

Or that of a general process:

[picture] | (3.3)

With are a function of explanatory variables and a vector of unknown parameters b.

3.2. ARCH-M Process

Models ARCH -M are certainly the category of ARCH models most relevant from an economic point of view. Indeed, the risk assessment is a central point of financial economics. However, according to Engle, Lilien and Robins in 1987, the usual methods of measurement and risk prediction are often extremely simple and therefore unsuitable for the analysis of financial time series. Thus, the degree of uncertainty regarding the returns varies over time, the compensation received by agents for the risk averse end of the shareholding must also vary over time. Thus, it should not only measure the risk, taking into account its variation over time, but also to include this information as a determinant of profitability title or portfolio. The ARCH -M model takes account of this phenomenon by introducing the conditional variance in the mean equation.

Thus, a GARCH-M model can be written as follows:

[picture] | (3.4)

[picture] | (3.5)

With is a stationary process

and are respectively polynomials and autoregressive moving average delay.

A variation of the conditional variance is therefore accompanied by a variation of the conditional mean of .

Therefore, a consistent estimate ARCH-M model requires a good specification whereas for a GARCH (p, q), consistent estimators of the parameters can be obtained even when the specification of is poor. Furthermore, Pagan and Ullah in 1988, showed that the any specification error in the variance equation cause an eventual non convergence of estimators of the mean equation.

However, we can formulate the equation of the mean as follows:

[picture] | (3.6)

With refers to the profitability of earning ratio or portfolio and b is the coefficient of relative risk aversion, there are many linear traditional evaluation models in which profitability is a function of risk.

4. Estimation of ARCH Model

The usual estimation techniques (maximum likelihood, least squares, nonparametric methods) also applies to ARCH models. The maximum likelihood method and the least squares in two stages are the most used.

4.1. Maximum Likelihood

Most of the hazards related to financial series do not follow a normal distribution. However, the Gaussian density can be used to calculate the estimator even if the true distribution is not normal. Thus, the method of pseudo maximum likelihood is then used. A sufficient regularity condition to obtain convergence properties and asymptotic normality was established in 1982 by Weiss in the case of ARCH linear models. The most stringent of them seldom verified in practice is a condition of existence the moment of order 4 for residues.

4.2. Least Squares

ARCH model can be seen as two successive ARMA models, one on the process, the second on the square innovations. It is this natural fact of introducing estimation procedure in two stages taking into account this particular structure.

Whether a regression model with ARCH errors:

[picture] | (4.1)

[picture] | (4.2)

The first step is to obtain consistent estimates of the parameters of the equation of the mean and the variance equation. The estimator b is obtained naturally by the OLS(Ordianry Least Squares) estimate from the regression of on .

We put this estimator. The estimated residuals are then given by:

[picture] | (4.3)

By regressing on 1, , we obtain a convergent estimators of the parameters in variance equation .

These two successive regressions were performed by the method of ordinary least squares, that is to say, without taking into account the phenomenon of heteroscedasticity. However, b estimators can be improved in a second step by regressing on by the generalized least squares (GLS) with:

[picture] | (4.4)

We note that these estimators of the second stage

However, when the real conditionally distribution is normal we have:

[picture] | (4.5)

The estimators of the second stage are obtained by regressing by the GLS with. It is important to note that this only affects the parameters of the medium: the parameter estimates of the variance are asymptotically efficient.

5. ARCH Modeling of Stock Exchange: the Case of Tunisia

The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of the volatility of stock returns series of the Tunisian index BVMT in daily frequency over the period January 1984 to December 2010.

Figure 5.1. Profitability of Tunisian stock index TSE

Figure 5.1 represents the evolution of the returns on the TSE index indicates that this series is highly volatile. Furthermore, combinations of volatility can be observed: strong variations tend to be followed by large variations, and small variations of small variations. Indeed, the volatility changes over time suggesting that ARCH process could be adapted to the modeling of the series.

Figure 5.2. Descriptive statistics of the TSE index returns

Figure 5.2 shows the histogram of the series of stock returns and reports a number of descriptive statistics. Indeed, we note first that the coefficient of kurtosis is high, that is to say, much higher than 3, which is the value of their coefficient of kurtosis for the normal distribution. This excess kurtosis indicates a high probability of occurrence of extreme points. Second, the coefficient of skewness is nonzero, which is the theoretical value of the coefficient of skewness for a normal distribution, this coefficient is negative.

This illustrates the presence of asymmetry which may be an indicator of non-linearity since it is known that the linear Gaussian models are necessarily symmetrical. This asymmetry is reflected by the fact that volatility is lower after rising after a fall in profitability. The coefficient of skewness negative effect indicates that the distribution is negatively skewed: the returns are more responsive to a negative shock to a positive shock. Therefore, according to the Jarque Bera, the stock return of the TSE index does not follow a normal distribution which is a general characteristic of financial series. This confirms our estimate of a nonlinear model and in particular a model of ARCH under remarks from the study in Figure 5.1.

To achieve an ARCH test, the first step is to estimate the average of the equation. The application of the methodology of Box and Jenkins led us to adopt an AR (3) for the returns of the TSE index. The estimate of this process is given in Table 5.1.

In other words, the residue from the estimated AR model (3) is recovered. The next to perform a regression test ARCH effect is followed:

Table 5.1. Estimation of the equation of the average AR (3)

Table 5.2. Result of the ARCH test

[picture] | (5.1)

However, we note that under the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity Statistics TR ² follows a law of chi-square with q degrees of freedom, where T is the number of observations in the series and R ² is the coefficient of determination associated with the equation (5.1). To estimate equation (5.1), it should first of all determine the number of delay q to consider, in fact, determine the average of the correlogram, then select the number of delays from graph of the partial autocorrelations. This graph indicates that only the first three partial autocorrelations are significantly different from zero, it holds a number of delay q equal to 3 to make the ARCH test. The results are shown in Table 5.2, we see that the probability associated with the test statistic TR ² (OBS * R -squared) is zero: therefore we reject the null hypothesis of conditional homoskedasticity. This can be verified by analyzing the results of estimating equation (5.1) we see that the delayed autoregressive coefficients associated with the squared residuals ( RESID ^ 2 ) are significantly different from zero. To take account of this effect ARCH, our object is to present the estimate equation in conjunction with the variance of the mean equation. The maximum likelihood technique will be used, and five equations are realized:

Table 5.3. Estimated model AR (3)-ARCH (3)

The results from Table 5.3 show that the coefficients of the equation parameters of the variance is significantly different from zero and positive. Therefore, the coefficients satisfy the constraints ensuring positivity of the conditional variance. ARCH model (3) is a candidate model for the representation of the conditional variance of returns on the TSE index.

In view of Table 5.3, the coefficients of the variance equation are significant and positive. Moreover, we note that the sum of coefficients ARCH (1) and GARCH (1) is very close to 1. This reflects a persistence phenomenon in the conditional variance, frequently encountered in financial time series phenomenon.

6. Conclusion

Since the rejection of the hypothesis of efficient market volatility exists in the financial market, and it is known as changes in asset prices and returns. Why volatility is not only existing market information but also the behavior of investors, asset bubbles and several other factors. With influences, volatility is stabilizing financial markets, and also stabilizes the global economy. The influence of volatility can be reduced if one knows well and if we can anticipate. Although the methods are good and the reviews are accurate, volatility follows a random walk so it is very difficult to follow. We have tried in this article to represent the evolution of the returns on the TSE Tunisian stock market index through ARCH model and the latter indicates that this series is highly volatile and has shown that large variations tend to be followed by strong and weak variations with small variations. So volatility changes over time. This observation suggested that ARCH process has been adapted to model the series.

References

[1]   | ABDALLA, (1997): Exchange Rate and Stock Price Interactions in Emerging Financial Markets: Evidence on India, Korea, Pakistan, and Philippines. Applied Financial Economics, vol. 7, 1997, pp. 25-35.
[2]   | ADRIAN PAGAN and ULLAH (1988): The Econometric Analysis Of Models With Risk Terms. Journal Of Applied Econometrics, vol3, N2 p 87-105.
[3]   | AGGARWAL, R. (1981): Exchange Rates and Stock Prices: A Study of U. S. Capital Market under Floating Exchange Rates. Akron Business and Economic Review, vol. 12, 1981, pp. 7-12.
[4]   | AJAYI, R. A.FRIEDMAN, J. MEHDIAN, S. M.(1998): On the Relationship between Stock Returns and Exchange Rates: Tests of Granger Causality. Global Finance Journal, vol. 9, 1998, pp. 241-251.
[5]   | AJAYI, R. A. – MOUGOUE, M. (1996): On the Dynamic Relation between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates. Journal of Financial Research, vol.19, 1996, pp. 193-207.
[6]   | BAHMANI-OSKOOEE, M. – SOHRABIAN, A. (1992): Stock Prices and the Effective Exchange Rate of the Dollar. Applied Economics, vol. 24, 1992, pp. 459-464.
[7]   | Bollerslev, Gibson and Zhou (2004): “Dynamic Estimation of Volatility Risk Premia and Investor Risk Aversion from Option-Implied and Realized Volatilities” Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.
[8]   | BHATTACHARYA, (2003): Causal Relationship between Stock Market and Exchange Rate. Foreign Exchange Reserves and Value of Trade Balance: A Case Study for India. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Conference on Money and Finance in the Indian Economy, January 2003.
[9]   | CHAMBERLAIN, S. – HOWE, J. S. – POPPER, H. (1997): The Exchange Rate Exposure of U. S. and Japanese Banking Institutions. Banking and Finance, vol. 21, 1997, pp. 871-892.
[10]   | DORNBUSCH, R. (1976): Expectations and Exchange Rate Dynamics. Journal of Political Eco- nomy, vol. 84, pp. 1161-1176.
[11]   | DORNBUSCH,R.–FISHER,S(1980), Exchange Rates and the Current Account. American Economic Review, vol. 70, 1980, pp. 960-971.
[12]   | EICHENBAUM, M.SINGLETON, K. J. (1986): Do Equilibrium Real Business Cycle Theories Explain Postwar US Business Cycles?.NBER Macroeconomics Annual. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1986, pp. 91-135.
[13]   | ENGLE, GRANGER,(1987):Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, vol. 55 p 251-276.
[14]   | ENGLE, LILIEN and ROBINS (1987): Estimating Time Varying Risk Premia In The Term Structure: The ARCH-M Model. Econometrica, vol 55, Issue 2 p 391-407.
[15]   | FRANCK, P. YOUNG, A. (1972): Stock Price Reaction of Multinational Firms to Exchange Re- alignments. Financial Management, vol. 1, 1972, pp. 66-73.
[16]   | RIM, H. K. MOHIDIN, R. (2002): Study on the Effects of Exchange Rate on Industry Indices in Malaysia. The H.R. Frehn Center for Management Working Paper, no. 2002-01.
[17]   | SOLNIK, B. (1987): Using Financial Prices to Test Exchange Rate Models: A Note. Journal of Finance, vol. 42, 1987, pp. 141-149.
[18]   | STAVÁREK, D.(2004): Causalities between Stock and Foreign Exchange Markets: Evidence from Selected EU-Member Countries. In: Hanisz, R. N. Znaniecka, K. (eds.): Finance in En- larged European Union. Katowice, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej, 2004, pp. 233-243.