Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

The Relationship between Liquidity and Profitability in Emerging Countries: Evidence from Bangladesh

Iqbal Hossain*, Jahangir Alam

Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Gono University, Savar, Bangladesh

Abstract: The relationship between liquidity and profitability has become an important issue among any organization. It is all about managing current assets and current liabilities in such a way so as to maximize profitability. Liquidity is perceived as the debt paying ability of going concern. Hence, it is important to keep a constant eye on the liquidity position of the company as without it the company cannot survive. The concern of business owners and managers are to devise a strategy that will help maintain liquidity as well as to increase profitability. Liquidity and profitability are closely related because one increases, and the other decreases. This study aims to reveal the relationship between liquidity and firm’s profitability by using the data of the cement industry listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd in Bangladesh. Annual data of 6 out of 7 companies are used for the period 2013-2017 in the study. The relationship between liquidity and firm’s profitability were examined by the Pearson’s correlation analysis using the SPSS-23 version. The dependent variable is defined by net profit, return on assets and return on equity and the independent variables are the current ratio, quick ratio, and the cash conversion cycle. The results in the correlation matrix show the existence of the relationship between liquidity and profitability. The study found that the cash conversion cycle has a strong negative relationship with all profitability ratios (NPM, ROA, and ROE). Moreover, the study also observed that the liquidity ratio (CR, and QR) have positive relationship with all profitability ratios of the cement industry in Bangladesh.

Keywords: liquidity and profitability, Return on Asset (ROA), Cash Conversion Cycle, DSE, Bangladesh

Received September 18, 2019; Revised October 28, 2019; Accepted November 28, 2019

Citation: Iqbal Hossain, Jahangir Alam, The Relationship between Liquidity and Profitability in Emerging Countries: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7 (1). 22-27. January 2019. doi:10.12691/jfa-7-1-4

1. Introduction

The association between liquidity and profitability has been the interest of academicians for a long time. Liquidity management has become a crucial concept for every organization. The Liquidity refers to the solvency of the firm’s overall financial position the case with which it can pay its bills. Because a common precursor to financial distress and bankruptcy is low or declining liquidity, these ratios can provide early signs of cash flow problems and impending business failure. The two basic measures of liquidity are the current ratio and the quick ratio. There are many measures of profitability such as gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin, earnings per share, return on assets, and return on equity. Without profits, a firm could not attract outside capital. Owners, creditors, and managers pay close attention to boosting profits because of the great importance placed on earnings in the marketplace [1]. The short-term prospect of a company is judged by its liquidity because it defines the company’s capability to pay its short-term debts [2]. Hence, it is important to understand the nature of liquidity and how it actually affects a company’s profitability. Liquidity is important for the short-term, the more liquid a company is, the lower and the chance of it being unable to pay its short-term debts.

Therefore, a financial manager will try to balance between liquidity and profitability to give optimum return for its shareholders [3]. When there is poor management of working capital, funds can be unnecessarily tied up in idle assets. This will reduce liquidity of the company and also the company will not be in a position to invest in productive assets and plant machinery. It will also affect the profitability of the company [4]. In times of crisis, liquidity management has become even more important for every organization. According to [5] even in good times, liquidity management is important, and it becomes even more important in troubled times. Liquidity and profitability management are one of the important issues of the present world economy.

Liquidity measures the short-term ability of the company to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash and profitability measures the income or operating success of a company for a given period of time. Income, or the lack of it, affects the company’s ability to obtain debt and equity financing [6]. The Liquidity contra Profitability Principle, there is a differentiation between liquidity and profitability; gaining more of one ordinarily means concede some of the other. The liquidity as a determinant of profitability is similar to that considered in research on profitability which classified as management controllable internal determinants. This paper examines whether the liquidity has significant impact on Bangladeshi cement firm’s profitability through return on asset (ROA) [7,8,9].

2. Research Objectives

The main objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between liquidity and profitability of the cement industry in Bangladesh. To achieve this objective, this study was carried out in the following section as follows: Section three review of the literature for the relevant theoretical work on the relationship between liquidity and profitability. Section four presents the methodology and framework which includes sample and the variables used in the analysis. Section five portrays and discusses the data analysis, discussion and statistical results. Section six presents the conclusion.

3. Literature Review

In the book “Total Management by Ratios” says that the problem of liquidity management is more acute for companies that are growing at a fast rate. The rising cash flow (Profit) curves gives a euphoric feeling of “all being well everywhere”, which makes managers press the growth button faster. What they lose sight of is the real cash position of the company which might be showing a downward trend and hence, pushing the company slowly and vigorously towards a severe liquidity crisis despite the company making high profit [10].

In the study of “Management of Working Capital” revealed that investment in current assets was more than that of fixed assets and inventories constituted the highest percentage of total current assets. The study also found that the liquidity and solvency position of sample companies was found to be highly unsatisfactory. The study suggested the direct need for improvement of liquidity and solvency position of sample units failing which the situation would lead to serious liquidity crunch [11].

In the study of “Measuring Association between Working Capital and Return on Investment” evaluated the association between traditional and alternative working capital measures and return on investment, especially in industrial firms. The results of their study traditional working capital leverage ratio, current liabilities divided by funds flow displayed the greatest associations with return on investment. The well-known liquidity concepts such as the current and quick ratios registered insignificant associations whilst only one of the working capital concepts, the comprehensive liquidity index, indicated significant associations with return on investment [12]. The Merchandising Ratio: A Comprehensive Measure of Working Capital Strategy” argued that the management of receivables, inventories, and accounts payable has a tremendous impact on cash flows, which in turn affect the profitability of firms [13]. An Empirical Investigation in an Emerging Market” in the study of liquidity and profitability trade-off examined the relationship between liquidity and profitability, as measured by current ratio and cash conversion cycle on a sample of joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia. The study revealed that there exists a significant negative relationship between the firm’s profitability and its liquidity, as measured by the current ratio [5]. There is a negative relation between gross operating incomes on one hand, and the components of working capital management (accounts receivable in days, inventory in day’s payable payment period, and cash conversion cycle) on the other hand. The fact is leading to another point which is the waiting time between the money spent on purchase of raw materials and the collection of sales of finished goods can be too long, and decreasing this waiting time will maximize profitability [14]. The relationship between working capital management and profitability of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange found that there was a statistically significant negative relationship between the cash conversion cycle and the gross operating profit, statistically significant negative relationships between the number of day’s account payable and the gross operating profit, statistically significant negative relationship between the number of day’s account receivable and the gross operating profit. The study also showed a highly significant negative relationship between profitability and the cash conversion cycle [15].

Maximizing profit with ignoring liquidity costs can cause serious problems to the firm. Hence, a firm must examine an equilibrium point between the liquidity and profitability using the three-component of the cash conversion cycle [16]. Managers can create value by reducing their inventories and the number of days for which their accounts are outstanding. Moreover, shortening the cash conversion cycle also helps improves the firm’s profitability [17]. Fixed and current assets play a vital role, along with the proper management of working capital is essential as it has a direct impact on profitability and liquidity [18].

Working capital is not a factor of improving profitability and there may be a negative relationship between them, and investment in working capital plays a vital role to improve profitability unless there is a minimum level of investment of working capital, output and sales cannot be maintained-in fact the inadequacy of working capital would keep fixed asset inoperative [19].

In the relationship between the cash conversion cycle and profitability for the Malaysian firms for the 1999-2006 periods found a negative significant relationship between the cash conversion cycle and firm’s profitability. This study revealed that reducing the cash conversion period results in increasing profitability [20]. A prior study on the relationship between working capital management and profitability in Brazilian listed companies showed negative relationship for return on assets and sales with day’s inventory. It also found that return on assets has a negative relationship with debt ratio [21]. The study on the impacts of liquidity ratios on profitability found that there is a significant impact of only liquid ratio on ROA while insignificant on ROE and ROI; the results also revealed that ROE is not affected significantly by three ratios current ratio, quick ratio and liquid ratio s while ROI is greatly affected by current ratios, quick ratios and liquid ratio. The main results of the study explained that each ratio has a significant effect on the financial positions of enterprises with differing amounts and that along with the liquidity ratios in the first place. Profitability ratios also play an important role in the financial positions of enterprises [22]. The trends in liquidity management and their impact on profitability; a study on the great lakes herald found that company’s always tries to maintain an adequate amount of net working capital in relation to current liabilities so as to keep a good amount of liquidity [23]. If managers consider the cash conversion cycle as an important ratio and use it for decision making it will improve the liquidity-profitability relationship better. Rather, more aggressive working capital helps decrease liquidity to the optimum level, if it is too high while representing conservative policy [24]. The “Trade-off between Liquidity and Profitability: A Study of Selected Manufacturing firma in Sri Lanka” found that there exists between CR and Profitability (NP, ROA, ROE) in a weak positive, and QR negatively correlated with all Profitability ratios and this also showed that the liquidity correlated profitability partially [25]. It is essential for every firm to maintain the equilibrium between liquidity and profitability as there is a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability [26].

In the study on the impact of liquidity on profitability for 10 listed IT companies of Poland for the 2003-2011 period found a statistically positive significant relationship of receivable collection period, and inventory conversion period with profitability [27]. While the another study on the 8 listed trading companies of Sri Lanka for the 2008-2012 periods found a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability. The study observed that the current ratio had a significant correlation with return on assets and return on equity and quick ratio was only significant with return on assets while liquidity ratio was insignificant with both of the return on assets and return on equity [28]. But in the study of liquidity –profitability relationship in Bangladeshi banking industry found no significant relationship between liquidity and profitability over the period [29] while [27] found a positive relationship of receivable collection, inventory conversion period with profitability such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and the return on sales (ROS).

A study of liquidity and profitability relationship on Indonesian capital market found negative relationship between liquidity and profitability in consumer goods and agriculture sectors; even though the relationship is proved to be weak and the cash conversion cycle and current ratio also have significant effect on profitability [30]. In the another study on the impact of liquidity on profitability measured through return on assets of Jordanian Banks listed at Amman Stock Exchange revealed that there was a significant impact of independent variable quick ratio on dependent variable return on assets. That means profitability through return on assets (ROA) is significantly influenced by liquidity through quick ratio [31].

Working capital management increases profitability, and hence a negative relationship exists between the measure of working capital management (cash conversion cycle and profitability variable. If efficient working capital management increases profitability, one should expect a negative relationship between the measures of working capital management and profitability variable [32]. The study of liquidity and profitability trade-off in the Pharmaceutical and Chemicals sector of Bangladesh for the 2005-2014 periods found positive relation of CR and QR with ROA, ROE, and ROCE in the correlation matrix. But, in the regression analysis study found no significant association between liquidity and profitability [33]. The other study on the “Working Capital Management: A Measurement Tool for Profitability of the Pharmaceuticals Industries in Bangladesh” found a negative relationship between profitability and the cash conversion cycle [34]. In addition to that in the study on the effect of working capital management on profitability in emerging countries evidence from Turkey found a negative relationship between return on assets and the payables payment period, and the cash conversion cycle. While return on assets was positive relationship to inventory conversion period [35]. But by using the cash conversion cycle as an effect on firm’s profitability in the Nigerian listed telecommunication companies observed a significant positive relationship between the cash conversion cycle and corporate profitability [36].

4. Research Methodology

4.1. Data Collection

To fulfill the objectives of this study, data were collected from the secondary source of information. The secondary data were collected from annual reports of six cement industries from out of seven listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd. for the 2013-2017 period.

4.2. Method of Analysis

Statistical analyses are used to describe an account for the observed variability in the data. Here, the described statistics and inferential statistics have been used. The descriptive statistics summarized the behavior of the variables. The SPSS-23 version has been used to describe the descriptive statistics and provide detailed information about each relevant variable.

4.3. Research Model

The research model represents the relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Here, the profitability (P) depends on Liquidity (L), thus, the P is the dependent variable and L is the independent variable and the independent variables are measured by the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash conversion cycle. The dependent variables are measured by net profit, return on assets, and return on equity. Therefore, the research model is given below:

4.4. Research Variables

The variables that are used in this study are as follows: Current ratio (CR), Quick ratio (QR), Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC), Net profit margin (NPM), Return on assets (ROA), and Return on equity (ROE). The measures of liquidity are the current ratio, quick ratio and the cash conversion cycle. The cash conversion cycle has expressed as a unit of days and all other variables are expressed in terms of percentage or ratio. The variables and measurement of ratios are given in the Table 1 below:

Table 1. Variables and Measurement of Ratios

The study intended to assess the relationship between liquidity and profitability of the cement industry in Bangladesh. The calculation of cash conversion cycle is described in detail by the following equation:

4.5. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework that has been used to understand and explain the relationship between liquidity and profitability is given below:

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The study makes a set of testable hypothesis (the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1) to examine the relationship between liquidity and profitability.

H01: There is a positive relationship between CR and NPM

HA1: There is a negative relationship between CR and NPM

H02: There is a positive relationship between CR and ROA

HA2: There is a negative relationship between CR and ROA

H03: There is a positive relationship between CR and ROE

HA3: There is a negative relationship between CR and ROE

H04: There is a positive relationship between QR and NPM

HA4: There is a negative relationship between QR and NPM

H05: There is a positive relationship between QR and ROA

HA5: There is a negative relationship between QR and ROA

H06: There is a positive relationship between QR and ROE

HA6: There is a negative relationship between QR and ROE

H07: There is a positive relationship between NPM and CCC

HA7: There is a negative relationship between NPM and CCC

H08: There is a positive relationship between ROA and CCC

HA8: There is a negative relationship between ROA and CCC

H09: There is a positive relationship between ROE and CCC

HA9: There is a negative relationship between ROE and CCC.

5. Analysis and Findings

5.1. Descriptive Statistics

The descriptive statistics are illustrated on the Table 2 where the model variables are explained in terms of their mean, median, standard deviation, and standard error.

Table 2. Descriptive Statistics

The liquidity of the firms is measured by current and quick ratio. The mean and median of current and quick ratio are very close to each other, which indicate there exists high correlation between the two ratios. But the norms of current and quick ratio are 2:1 and 1.5:1, this show the lower efficiency to cover short-term obligations. The mean and median of net profit are more than of one and half times of ROA, which indicates firms are not using their total assets properly to generate more and more sales. The mean and median of return on equity is 1.98 and 1.67 respectively and standard deviation value is 1.77. Additionally, the cash conversion cycle shows that, it takes on an average 145 days (Median 129) to realize cash provided by the selling activities.

5.2. Correlation Result

This paper used the use of Pearson’s correlation for the data to see the relationship between liquidity and profitability ratios. The relationship between liquidity and profitability ratios are presented in the Table 3 given below:

Table 3. Correlation Analysis (Correlation between Liquidity and Profitability)

From the Table 2 it is observed that, the correlation coefficient between CR and NP is .477 and the P-value for two-tailed tests is .338 and greater than 0.05.Therefore, there is a moderate positive correlation between the current ratio and net profit margin and that this correlation is insignificant at a significant level of 0.05. The correlation coefficient between and ROA is .718 and the P-value for two-tailed tests is .108 that is greater than 0.05. Therefore, there is a strong positive correlation between current ratio and return on assets.

The correlation coefficient between the CR and ROE is .872 and the P-value for two-tailed tests is .023. So, there exists a strong positive correlation between CR and ROE. The correlation coefficient between QR and NPM is .345 and the value for two-tailed tests is .503 greater than 0.05. There is a weak positive correlation between the quick ratio and net profit margin and that this correlation is insignificant at the significant level of 0.05. The correlation coefficient between QR and ROA is .582 and the P-value for two-tailed tests is .226 greater than 0.05.There is a moderate positive correlation between quick ratio and return on assets and that this correlation is insignificant at a significant level of 0.05. The correlation coefficient between QR and ROE is .780 and the P-value for two-tailed tests is .067 greater than 0.05 there is a strong correlation between the quick ratio and return on equity and that this correlation is insignificant at the significant level of 0.05. Again, the correlation matrix shows that the cash conversion cycle has a strong negative relationship with all profitability ratios such as net profit margin (-.741), return on assets (-.858), and return on equity (-.940) which is like as the analysis of [15,37,38].

5.3. Hypothesis Testing

The study found that at 5% significant level, there are evidences of positive and negative relationship between liquidity and profitability variables studied over the period in the cement industry of Bangladesh. The summary of hypothesis testing is presented in the Table 4 below:

Table 4. Summary of Hypothesis Testing

These hypotheses testing have been evolved based on the correlation analysis result that shows the relationship between the liquidity and profitability in the Table 4 above.

6. Conclusion

This paper adds to existing literature such as [37,38] who found a negative relationship between the cash conversion cycle and profitability of the listed cement industry in Bangladesh for the 2005-2009, and 2010-2012 periods respectively. In addition to that, the conclusions are in confirmation with [3,5,14,16] who found a strong negative relationship between the components of the cash conversion cycle and profitability of the firm. This study through descriptive statistics and correlation matrix observed that there exists between liquidity (CR) and Profitability (NPM, ROA, and ROE) a moderate and strong positive relationship and QR (NPM, ROA, and ROE) in a weak, moderate and strong positive relationship respectively. Despite being that, the cash conversion cycle has a strong negative correlation with all profitability ratios such as net profit margin (-.741), return on assets (-.858), and return on equity (-.940).

On the basis of the above analysis, the study concludes that these results can be strengthened if these firms properly manage their receivables, inventories, and payables in a proper way and this will ultimately help increases profitability of these firms. However, this paper also concludes that there is a statistically significant relationship between liquidity and profitability of the cement industries in Bangladesh.

References

[1]   | Gitman, L. J. (2010). Principles of Managerial Finance, 12th Edition, Pearson Addison Wesley.
[2]   | Siegel, J, G. Shim, J.K. 2010). Barron’s Accounting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Barron’s Educational Series, Hardcover.
[3]   | Shin, H. Soenen, L. (1998). Efficiency of Working Capital Management and Corporate Profitability. Financial Practice and Education, Vol. 8, No.2, pp-37-45.
[4]   | Panigrahi, A.K. (2013). Cash Conversion Cycle and Firms Profitability-A Study of Cement Manufacturing Companies of India. International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp-1484-1488.
[5]   | Eljelly, A. (2004). Liquidity-Profitability Trade-off: An Empirical Investigation in an Emerging Market. International Journal of Commerce & Management, Vol. 14, No.2, pp.48-61.
[6]   | Jerry, J. W., Paul, D. K., Donald, E. (2010). Accounting Principles 12th Edition, International Student Version, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.
[7]   | Bourke P. (1989). Concentration and other Determinants of Bank Profitability in Europe, North America, and Australia. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol.13, pp.65-79.
[8]   | Molyeneux P., Thoronton J. (1992). “Determinants of European Banks Profitability: A Note.” Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 16. No.6, pp-1173-1178.
[9]   | Williams, D. M., Thornton, J. (1994). “Conditions in European Banking”. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 8, pp.-445-459.
[10]   | Bhattacharya, H. (1997). Total Management by Ratios, Sage Publication India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[11]   | Reddy, P. Someswar, K. (1996). Working Capital Management in Public Sector Undertakings-A Case Study. The Management Accountant, pp.-643-645.
[12]   | Smith, M. Beaumont, Begemann, E. (1997). “Measuring Association between Working Capital and Return on Investment”. South African Journal of Business Management, Vo.28, No.1.
[13]   | Cote, J. M., Latham, C.K., (1999). The Merchandising Ratio: A Comprehensive Measure of Working Capital Strategy.Issues in Accounting Education, Vol.4, No.2, pp-255-267.
[14]   | Deloof, M. (2003). Does working capital management affect profitability of Belgian firms? Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 30, No.3, pp.573-587.
[15]   | Lazaridis I. and Tryfonidis, D. (2006). The relationship between working capital management and profitability of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, Vol. 19, No.1, pp.26-35.
[16]   | Raheman, A., Nasr, M. (2007). Working Capital Management and Profitability-Case of Pakistani Firms. International Review of Business Research Papers, Vol. 3. No.1, pp-279-300.
[17]   | Garcia-Teruel, P.J., Mattinez-Solano, P. (2007). Effect of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability. International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 3, No.2, pp.164-177.
[18]   | Singh, P. (2008).” Inventory and Working Capital Management: An Empirical Analysis”. TheIcfai University Journal of Accounting Research, Vol.35.
[19]   | Chakraborty, K. (2008). Working Capital and Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of Their Relationship with Reference to Selected Companies in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, the Icfai Journal of Management Research, Vol.34, pp.-112-126.
[20]   | Zariyawati, A., Annuar, M., Taufiq, H., Abdul Rahim, S. (2009).” Working Capital Management and Corporate Performance: Case of Malaysia”. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, Vol5, No.11, pp-47-54.
[21]   | Ching, H.Y., Novazzi, A., Gerab, F. (2011). Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability in Brazilian Listed Companies. Journal of Global Business and Economics, Vo. 3, No. 1, pp. 74-86.
[22]   | Saleem Q., Rehman R. (2011). “Impacts of liquidity ratios on profitability (Case of oil and gas companies of Pakistan)”. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, Vol. 1, No.7, pp-95-98.
[23]   | Nandi, C. K. (2012). Trends in Liquidity Management and Their Impact on Profitability. A Case Study. Great Lakes Herald, Vol.6, No.1, pp.-16-30.
[24]   | Bolek, M., Wilinski, W. (2012). The Influence of Liquidity on Profitability of Polish Construction Sector Companies, e- Finanse: University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszow. Vol.8, No.1, pp-38-52
[25]   | Niresh, J. A. (2012) “Trade-off between Liquidity & Profitability: A Study of Selected Manufacturing firms in Sri Lanka”, Researchers World -Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 3(4-2).
[26]   | Puneet, S., Parmil, K. (2012). Liquidity and Profitability Trade off on Airtel Bharti Limited. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Science, Vol.1, No.3, pp.-77-84.
[27]   | Zygmunt, J., (2013). “Does Liquidity Impact on Profitability?” In Proceedings of the Conference of Informatics and Management Sciences, pp. 247-251.
[28]   | Ajanthan, A. (2013) “A Nexus between Liquidity & Profitability: A Study of Trading Companies in Sri Lanka”, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol.5. No.7, pp.-221-237.
[29]   | Akter, A., & Mahmud, K. (2014) “Liquidity-Profitability Relationship in Bangladesh Banking Industry”, International Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 2, No.4, pp.143-151.
[30]   | Alvin, I., TaufiK, F. (2015). A Study of Liquidity and Profitability Relationship: Evidence from Indonesian Capital Market. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, Vol.1, No.9, pp.-87-91.
[31]   | Lina, W., Munther N., Rani, O. (2015). The Impact of Liquidity on Jordanian Banks Profitability through Return on Assets.Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol. 6, No.5, pp-26-29.
[32]   | Afande, F. O. (2015).Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability of Cement Companies in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol.6, No. 7, pp. 155-180.
[33]   | Kaysher, H., Rowshonara, A. (2016). Liquidity and Profitability Trade-off in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sector of Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.5, No.9, pp-420-423.
[34]   | Amir, S., Rafiqul, I. (2018). Working Capital Management, a Measurement Tool for Profitability: A Study on Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh. Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol. 6, No. 1. pp.1-10.
[35]   | Samet, E. Nazan, S. (2018). The Effect of Working Capital Management on Profitability in Emerging Countries: Evidence from Turkey.
[36]   | Murtala, Z., Sani S. (2016). The Impact of Cash Conversion Cycle on Firm Profitability: Evidence from Nigerian Listed Telecommunication Companies. Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol. 4, No.6, pp.-342-350.
[37]   | Ariful, H., Amin, M., Rakibul, A. (2015). Working Capital Management and Profitability: A Study on Cement Industry in Bangladesh. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, Vo.36, No.1, pp.82-96.
[38]   | Sayeda, T. Q. (2011). Effects of Working Capital Management and Liquidity: Evidence from the Cement Industry of Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), Vol.6, No.1, pp-37-47.