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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Ming Yang*, Tae Lee

Daliao District Fooyin, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

Abstract:

Keywords:

Received October 28, 2014; Revised December 05, 2014; Accepted December 07, 2014

Citation: Ming Yang, Tae Lee, Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment, 2 (4). 69-70. January 2014. doi:10.12691/jcrt-2-4-1

Proton therapy is a type of external beam radiation therapy which can deliver radiation dose to the tumor. Proton therapy is considered as one of the most advanced technologies for the treatment of the cancer. One of the main reasons to use proton therapy for cancer treatment is due to its ability to produce excellent dose distribution because protons have finite range and sharp distal fall-off at the end of proton beam path. [1] Literature review shows that the proton therapy has been extensively used for the prostate cancer treatment. Although surgery is also an option for prostate cancer, researchers have found the use of proton therapy as an alternative option to treat the prostate cancer. [2] In the recent years, the use of this advanced technology for cancer treatment continues to increase. However, there is also an ongoing debate on the cost of proton beam therapy [2].

A number of researchers have investigated the dosimetric benefits of proton therapy over conventional photon therapy. [3-11] Dosimetric results demonstrate that proton therapy and photon therapy are both equally good, and in some cases, proton therapy can be better, especially while sparing the bladder and rectum. This also depends on the choice of number of beams, beam delivery techniques, and treatment planning systems. [3-11]. It has been noted that, in the high-dose regions, photon therapy could be better in sparing of the bladder, whereas in the low-dose regions, proton therapy is superior in sparing of both rectum and bladder [3]. One of the recent studies [4] compared the proton therapy versus photon therapy in the form of volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) for high-risk prostate cancer, and the study showed comparable target doses, but proton therapy was better at sparing the rectum and bladder, especially in the low- and medium-dose regions, but results in a higher femoral head dose. Zhang et al. [5] identified the proton advantage for normal tissues in the low-dose region. Vargas et al. [6] showed that proton therapy reduced the dose to the critical structures when compared to the photon therapy.

Traditionally, prostate cancer case is treated using two parallel opposed lateral proton beams. Few studies have reported the use of non-lateral fields for the prostate cancer treatment. For example, Trofimov et al. [3] and Tang et al. [10] have shown that angled lateral proton beam can reduce rectal dose. Another recent study by Rana et al. [11] investigated the use of proton therapy for prostate cases with a metallic hip prosthesis. This study [11] demonstrated that the combination of lateral and oblique fields in proton therapy could potentially provide dosimetric advantage over the VMAT for prostate cancer involving a metallic hip prosthesis. Despite the dosimetric studies showing superiority of proton therapy over photon therapy, there is less data available to show how these benefits are applicable to the clinical outcome.

Currently, there are several research trials [12] in progress for proton therapy of prostate cancer, and clinical results from these trials are expected to provide more information on the real clinical benefits of use of proton therapy for the prostate cancer. Another thing to note is that proton therapy has not reached its full potential yet, and proton therapy continues to evolve. For example, new proton therapy centers are in the process of implementing pencil beam scanning technology [13,14], which is considered to be more advanced technology compared to uniform scanning and double scattering. The clinical benefit of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for prostate cancer needs to be further studied.

References

[1]   | Wilson R. Radiological use of fast protons. Radiology. 1946; 47: 487-91.
[2]   | Efstathiou JA, Gray PJ, Zietman AL. Proton beam therapy and localised prostate cancer: current status and controversies. British Journal of Cancer (2013) 108, 1225-1230.
[3]   | Trofimov A, Nguyen PL, Coen JJ, et al. Radiotherapy treatment of early-stage prostate cancer with IMRT and protons: a treatment planning comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69 (2): 444-53.
[4]   | Rana S, Cheng C, Zheng Y, Risalvato D, Cersonsky N, Ramirez E, Zhao L, Larson G, Vargas C. Proton therapy vs. VMAT for prostate cancer: a treatment planning study. International Journal of Particle Therapy 2014; 1 (1): 22-33.
[5]   | Zhang X, Dong L, Lee AK, et al. Effect of anatomic motion on proton therapy dose distributions in prostate cancer treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 67 (2): 620-29.
[6]   | Vargas C, Fryer A, Mahajan C, et al. Dose-volume comparison of proton therapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 70 (3): 744-51.
[7]   | Chera BS, Vargas C, Morris CG, et al. Dosimetric study of pelvic proton radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer. Int J RadiatOncolBiol Phys. 2009; 75 (4): 994-1002.
[8]   | Nihei K, Ogino T, Onozawa M, et al. Multi-institutional Phase II study of proton beam therapy for organ-confined prostate cancer focusing on the incidence of late rectal toxicities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 81 (2):390-96.

[9]  
Trofimov A, Nguyen PL, Efstathiou JA, Wang Y, Lu HM, Engelsman M, Merrick S, Cheng CW, Wong JR, Zietman AL. Interfractional variations in the setup of pelvic bony anatomy and soft tissue, and their implications on the delivery of proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Jul 1; 80 (3): 928-37.

[10]   | Tang S, Both S, Bentefour H, et al. Improvement of prostate treatment by anterior proton fields. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 83 (1):408-18.

[11]  
Rana S, Cheng C, Zheng Y, Hsi W, Zeidan O, Schreuder N, Vargas C, Larson G. Dosimetric study of uniform scanning proton therapy planning for prostate cancer patients with a metal hip prosthesis, and comparison with volumetric-modulated arc therapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 2014; 15 (3): 4611.

[12]   | http://www.pcgresearch.org/Pages/ResearchStudies.aspx
[13]   | Tesfamicael BY, Avery S, Gueye P, Lyons D, Mahesh M. Scintillating fiber based in-vivo dose monitoring system to the rectum in proton therapy of prostate cancer: A Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Int J Cancer TherOncol 2014; 2 (2): 02024.
[14]   | Yeung D, McKenzie C, Indelicato DJ. A dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated proton therapy optimization techniques for pediatric craniopharyngiomas: a clinical case study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014 Jan; 61 (1): 89-94.