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Linear Programming Problem and Post Optimality Analyses in Fuzzy Space: A Case Study of a Bakery Industry

P.K. Sahoo, M. Pattnaik*

Department of Business Administration, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar India

Abstract: This paper investigates recent techniques that have been developed for optimization of linear programming problems. In practice, there are many problems in which all decision parameters are fuzzy numbers, and such problems are usually solved by either probabilistic programming or multi objective programming methods. Unfortunately all these methods have shortcomings. In this paper, using the concept of comparison of fuzzy numbers, it is introduced a very effective method for solving these problems. With the problem assumptions, the optimal solution can still be theoretically solved using the simplex based method. To handle the fuzzy decision variables can be initially generated and then solved and improved sequentially using the fuzzy decision approach by introducing Robust’s ranking technique. The model is illustrated with a case study application. The proposed procedure was programmed and through MATLAB (R2009a) version software, the four dimensional slice diagram is represented to the application. Finally, the real case problem is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results, and to gain additional managerial insights for decision making.

Keywords: fuzzy, trapezoidal number, linear programming, case study

Received May 01, 2013; Revised May 09, 2013; Accepted June 15, 2013

Citation: P.K. Sahoo, M. Pattnaik, Linear Programming Problem and Post Optimality Analyses in Fuzzy Space: A Case Study of a Bakery Industry. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1 (3). 36-43. January 2013. doi:10.12691/jbms-1-3-2

1. Introduction

In recent years, there has been a substantial amount of research related to the fuzzy applied linear programming problems. Over the last few years, more and more manufacturers had applied the optimization technique most frequently in linear programming to solve the real-world problems and there it is important to introduce new tools in the approach that allow the model to fit into the real world as much as possible. Any linear programming model representing real-world situations involves a lot of parameters whose values are assigned by the experts, and in the conventional approach, they are required to fix an exact value to the aforementioned parameters. However, both experts and the decision maker frequently do not precisely know the value of those parameters. If exact values are suggested these are only statistical inference from past data and their stability is doubtful, so the parameters of the problem are usually defined by the decision maker in an uncertain space. Therefore, it is useful to consider the knowledge of experts about the parameters as fuzzy data. Two significant questions may be found in these kinds of problems: how to handle the relationship between the fuzzy parameters, and how to find the optimal values for the fuzzy multi-objective function. The answer is related to the problem of ranking the fuzzy numbers. This research has been motivated by a suitable example of a case study with the post optimal analyses.

In fuzzy decision making problems, the concept of maximizing decision was introduced by Bellman and Zadeh (1970) [2]. Zimmerman (1978) [17] presented a fuzzy approach to multi-objective linear programming problems in his classical paper. Lai and Hwang (1992) [7] considered the situations where all parameters are in fuzzy. Lai and Huang (1992) [5] assume that the parameters have a triangular possibility distribution. Gani et al. (2009) [4] introduce fuzzy linear programming problem based on L-R fuzzy number. Jimenez et al. (2005) [5] propose a method for solving linear programming problems where all coefficients are, in general, fuzzy numbers and using linear ranking technique. Bazaar et al. (1990) [1] and Nasseri et al. (2005) [10] define linear programming problems with fuzzy numbers and simplex method is used for finding the optimal solution of the fuzzy problem. Rangarajan and Solairaju (2010) [13] compute improved fuzzy optimal Hungarian assignment problems with fuzzy numbers by applying Robust’s ranking techniques to transform the fuzzy assignment problem to a crisp one. Pattnaik (2012) [11] presented a fuzzy approach to several linear and nonlinear inventory models. Pattnaik (2012) [12] explains fuzzy based inventory model with units lost due to deterioration. Swarup et al. (2006) [15] explain the method to obtain sensitivity analysis or post optimality analysis of the different parameters in the linear programming problems.

In fact, in order to make linear programming more effective, the uncertainties that happen in the real world cannot be neglected. Those uncertainties are usually associated with per unit cost of the product, product supply, customer demand and so on. Looking at the property of representing the preference relationship in fuzzy terms, the ranking methods can be classified into two approaches. One of them associates, by means of different functions, each fuzzy number to a single of the real line and then a total crisp order relationship between fuzzy numbers is established. The other approach ranks fuzzy numbers by means of a fuzzy relationship. It allows decision maker to present his preference in a gradual way, which in a linear programming problem allows it to be handled with different degrees of satisfaction of constraints. This paper considers fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problems whose parameters are fuzzy numbers but whose decision variables are crisp. The aim of this paper is to introduce Robust’s ranking technique for defuzzifying the fuzzy parameters and then sensitivity analyses for requirement vector in the constraint function are also performed that permits the interactive participation of decision maker in all steps of decision process, expressing his opinions in linguistic terms. The major techniques used in the above research articles are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Major Characteristics of Fuzzy Linear Programming Models on Selected Researches

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, it is introduced fuzzy numbers and some of the results of applying arithmetic on them. Assumptions, notations and definitions are provided for the development of the model. In Section 3, Robust’s ranking technique is introduced for solving fuzzy number linear programming problems. In Section 4, a linear programming problem with fuzzy variables is proposed and in Section 5 a fuzzy version of the simplex algorithm is explained for solving this problem. A case study is presented to illustrate the development of the model in Section 6. Finally Section 7 deals with the summary and the concluding remarks.

2. Preliminaries

It is reviewed that the fundamental notation of fuzzy set theory initiated by Bellman and Zadeh [2]. Below it is given definitions taken from Zimmerman [17].

Definition 2.1. Fuzzy sets

If X is a collection of objects denoted generally by x, then a fuzzy set Ã in X is defined as a set of ordered pairs , where is called the membership function for the fuzzy set Ã. The membership function maps each element of X to a membership value between 0 and 1.

Definition 2.2. Support of a fuzzy set

The support of a fuzzy set Ã is the set of all points x in X such that . That is support (Ã)=

Definition 2.3. level of fuzzy set

The cut (or) level set of a fuzzy set Ã is a set consisting of those elements of the universe X whose membership values exceed the threshold level . That is

Definition 2.4. Convex fuzzy set

A fuzzy set Ã is convex if, and . Alternatively, a fuzzy set is convex, if all level sets are convex.

Definition 2.5. Convex normalized fuzzy set

A fuzzy number Ã is a convex normalized fuzzy set on the real line R such that it exists at least one with and is piecewise continuous.

Definition 2.6. Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers

Among the various fuzzy numbers, triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are of the most important. Note that, in this study only trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are considered. A fuzzy number is a trapezoidal fuzzy number if the membership function of its be in the following function of it being in the following form:

Any trapezoidal fuzzy number by , where the support of ã is and the modal set of ã is []. Let F(R) is the set of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.

Definition 2.7. Arithmetic on fuzzy numbers

Let and be two trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and . Then, the results of applying fuzzy arithmetic on the trapezoidal fuzzy numbers as shown in the following:

Image of

Addition:

Scalar Multiplication: and

3. Ranking Function

A convenient method for comparing of the fuzzy numbers is by use of ranking functions. A ranking function is a map from F(R) into the real line. The orders on F(R) are:

if and only if

if and only if

if and only if

Where, are in F (R). It is obvious that if and only if . Since there are many ranking function for comparing fuzzy numbers but robust ranking function is applied. Robust’s ranking technique satisfies compensation, linearity and additive properties and provides results which are consistent with human intuition. Give a convex fuzzy number , the Robust’s Ranking index is defined by

where is the - level cut of the fuzzy number .

In this paper this method for ranking the objective values. The Robust’s ranking index gives the representative value of the fuzzy number ã .It satisfies the linearity and additive property.

4. Fuzzy Linear Programming Problems

However, when formulating a mathematical programming problem which closely describes and represents a real-world decision situation, various factors of the real world system should be reflected in the description of objective functions and constraints involve many parameters whose possible values may assigned by experts. In the conventional approaches, such parameters are required to be fixed at some values in an experimental and subjective manner through the experts’ understanding of the nature of the parameters in the problem-formulation process.

It must be observed that, in most real-world situations, the possible values of these parameters are often only imprecisely known to the experts. With this observation in mind, it would be certainly more appropriate to interpret the experts’ understanding of the parameters as fuzzy numerical data which can be represented by means of fuzzy sets of the real line known as fuzzy numbers.

Definition 4.1. Linear programming

A linear programming (LP) problem is defined as:

Where,,, and

In the above problem, all of the parameters are crisp. Now, if some of the parameters be fuzzy numbers then fuzzy linear programming is obtained which is defined in the next section.

Definition 4.2. Fuzzy linear programming

Suppose that in the linear programming problem some parameters be fuzzy numbers. Hence, it is possible that some coefficients of the problem in the objective function, technical coefficients the right hand side coefficients or decision making variables be fuzzy number Maleki (2002) [8], Maleki et al. (2000) [9], Rommelfanger et al. (1989) [14] and Verdegay (1984) [16]. Here, the linear programming problems with fuzzy numbers in the objective function.

Definition 4.3. Fuzzy number linear programming

A fuzzy number linear programming (FNLP) problem is defined as follows:

where, and ℜ is a Robust ranking function.

Definition 4.4 Fuzzy feasible solution

The vector is a feasible solution to FNLP if and only if satisfies the constraints of the problem.

Definition 4.5 Fuzzy optimal solution

A feasible solution is an optimal solution for FNLP, if for all feasible solution for FNLP, then .

Definition 4.6 Fuzzy basic feasible solution

The basic feasible solution for FNLP problems is defined as: Consider the system and , where is an matrix and is an m vector. Now, suppose that . Partition after possibly rearranging the columns of as where is nonsingular. It is obvious that . The point where, , is called a basic solution of the system. If , then is called a basic feasible solution (BFS) of the system. Here B is called the basic matrix and N is called the non basic matrix.

5. A Fuzzy Version of Simplex Algorithm

For the solution of any FNLP by Simplex algorithm, the existence of an initial basic feasible fuzzy solution is always assumed. The steps for the computation of an optimum fuzzy solution are as follows:

Step-1 Check whether the objective function of the given FNLP is to be maximized or minimized. If it is to be minimized then converting it into a problem of maximizing it by using the result .

Step-2 Check whether all are non-negative. If any one is negative then multiply the corresponding inequation of the constant by -1, so as to get all non-negative.

Step-3 Convert all the inequations of the constraints into equations by introducing slack and/or surplus variables in the constraints. Put the cost of these variables equal to zero.

Step-4 Obtain an initial basic feasible solution to the problem in the problem in the form of and put in the first column of the simplex table.

Step-5 Compute the net evaluations by using the relation . Examine the sign .

i) If all then the initial basic feasible fuzzy solution is an optimum basic feasible fuzzy solution.

ii) If at least one , proceed on to the next step.

Step-6 If there are more than one negative , then choose the most negative of them. Let it be for some j=r.

i) If all then there is an unbounded solution to the given problem.

ii) If at least one then the corresponding vector enter the basis .

Step-7 Compute the and choose minimum of them. Let minimum of these ratios be . Then the vector will level the basis . The common element , which in the kth row and rth column is known as leading number of the table.

Step-8 Convert the leading number to unit number by dividing its row by the leading number itself and all other number itself and all other elements in its column to zero.

Step-9 Go to step 5 and repeat the computational procedure until either an optimum solution is obtained or this is an indication of an unbounded solution.

6. A Case Study of Bakery Industry

In this section we present one case study of our evolutionary algorithm solution to FLPP. In this case the evolutionary algorithm is used to solve the FLPP. The case study is the standard product mix problem with profit maximization model.

Neelachal Bakery Private Limited: Profit Maximization Fuzzy Linear Programming Model.

History: Santanu Kumar Gadnayak, A. N. Siba Patnaik and Gateswar Mohanty, three partners of the Neelachal Bakery Private Limited, opened investing Rs. one lakh, the first polythene packaged bread in Mancheswar industrial estate, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India in 1989 by rental with three dismals location area. From the beginning, they sight to build an innovative polythene packaging in bakery market for their growing bakery business in Odisha. Unlike most contemporary bakery marketers who profited significantly by making up the breads by using the wax paper packaging, these three partners aligned the bakery’s interests by profiting from excellent bakery mechanisms. Initially they are doing all types jobs related to manufacturing, staffing, production and marketing for six to seven years, they focused exclusively on securing the consistent supply to meet demand, quality and volume pricing that would facilitate success in the bakery markets. During 1989, they took a rent room and started their business. At that time, they have no mechanization. They started polythenized package for bakery first time in Mancheswar area. At that time main competitor was Sajitha bakery.

Success: together with over three partners of Neelachal Packaging Private Limited serves more than 45 people daily in one bakery in own 2.5 acre location area with asset Rs. 3 crores made it one of the largest bakery product marketer in Odisha.

Complexities: Previously they purchased polythene packs to pack bakery product but now they are also manufacturing printed polythene packets for their need and other needs as per order by third party.

Leadership: Initially they have one variety and breakeven point they achieved in 1991.

Present: they have mechanized equipments. Presently 20-22 staffs involved in bakery production. They are producing three varieties which are defined clearly in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Product variety description of Neelachal Bakery Industry

Strategy: initial days, both three of them was involved in manufacturing, staffing, production and marketing. Now they have marketing strategy. During 1989-1999 they individually meet retailers and approach to sell but by this they could not recover their money timely. 2000-2012 and now onwards, they sell their product through middleman or distribution channel.

Problem: Neelachal Bakery Private Limited Company produces three products (400gm, 200gm and 100gm) like P₁, P₂ and P₃ each of which must be processed through four different machines (grinding, baking, slicing and cooling) like M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄ respectively. The approximate time, in minutes, each Pi spends in each Mj is given in Table 3.

Table 2. The data of the given problem is summarized as follows

Table 3. Optimal Values for the Proposed Fuzzy Linear Programming Model

Each machine has only so much time available each day. These times can vary slightly from day to day so the following numbers are estimates of the maximum time available per day, in minutes, for each machine: (1) for M₁ 360min; (2) 600min for M₂ (3) 1200min for and (4) 1440 min for The daily baking of is sufficient for only 8000 breads, there are only 1000 breads a day available for of and 700 breads a day available of . Finally the selling price for each product can vary a little due to small discounts to certain customers but we have the following profit per unit: (1) Rs. 0.75 per unit for 400gm bread (); (2) Rs. 0.25 per unit for 200gm bread () and Rs. 0.15 per unit for 100gm bread () The company wants to determine the number of units to produce for each product per minute to maximize its profit.

Since all selling price numbers given are uncertain, the FLPP model is formulated. The Trapezoidal fuzzy number for each value given is obtained. So, the FLPP is given by:

Such that,

From Table 3 it is found that the fuzzy optimal solutions are . Figure 2 shows the four dimensional slice and mesh plot of fuzzy total profit . It indicates if he bakes 10 units of 400gm bread per minute he will get maximum profit of Rs. 10 per minute in fuzzy decision space but in crisp space and

Figure 2. 4- Dimensional Slice and Mesh plot of Fuzzy Total Profit ZZ,

7. Post Optimal Analyses

7.1. Discrete Variation in B

The investigations that deal with changes in the optimum solutions due to discrete variations in the parameter is called sensitivity analysis. Consider the fuzzy linear programming problem

subject to and .

Let the component of the vector b be changed to , hence range of , so that the optimum solution also remains feasible is .

From the Table 1 we observeand

The individual effects of changes in b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, and b7 where such that the optimality of the basic feasible solution is not violated, are given by

and

and

Hence, , , and .

Now, since and the required range of variation is , .

After computing the sensitivity analysis of the requirement vector of the given problem the range of is , is [0, 720], is , is , is , is , and is .

7.2. Discrete Variation in

The investigations that deal with changes in the optimum solutions due to discrete variations in the fuzzy parameter is called post optimal analysis.

Consider the fuzzy linear programming problem subject to and . There are two possibilities: i) and, ii) .

i) , then the current solutions remain optimum for the new problem if . Further, since is independent of , the value of the objective function and the fuzzy optimum solution will be remain unchanged.

ii) , the current basic feasible solutions remain optimum for the new problem, That is .

From the Table 2 it is observed that:

Variation in : since , the range of is given by

Variation in : since , the change in so that solution remaining optimum, is given by or .

Hence the range over which can vary maintaining the optimality of the solution is given by .

Variation in since , the change in so that solution remaining optimum, is given by or .

Hence the range over which can vary maintaining the optimality of the solution is given by .

8. Conclusions

The main contribution of this paper is to formulate a linear programming problem with fuzzy parameters by using Robust’s ranking technique. Based on the optimal solution it allows taking a decision interactively with the decision maker in fuzzy decision space. The decision maker also has investigated additional information about the availability violation of the profit per unit of item in the objective function, and about the compatibility of the cost of the solution with his wishes for the values of the objective function which extend the classical LPP models with case study in the past. Numerical results indicate that a significant cost decrease can be obtained by allowing Robust’s ranking technique to adjust fuzzy per unit cost in the objective function so that the individual firm’s cost strategies can be optimized. Some analyses about the results are established which present a number of insights into the economic behavior of the firms, and can serve as the basis for empirical study in the future. Another interesting extension may be the incorporation of yield uncertainty. In the current model, it is assumed that only there is uncertain in per unit profit for the objective function. In reality, yield uncertain is not uncommon in various production situations, such as electronics fabrication and assembly. It is believed that the inclusion of yield uncertainty will make the model more realistic, but also more challenging where all the parameters are fuzzy so that win-win outcome can be achieved.

Thus, there are possible extensions to improve this model. The decision maker can intervene in all the steps of the decision process which makes this approach very useful to be applied in a lot of real-world problems where the information is uncertain with nonrandom, like environmental management, project management, marketing, production etc.. However, this research work based on the fuzzy decision space might be a new way to explore the optimal decision strategy.

References

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