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Morphometric and Meristic Traits of Spotted Scat Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) a Mangrove Fish from South-west Coast of Bangladesh

Mizanur Rahman Washim, AKM Shafiqul Alam Rubel, Md. Latiful Islam*

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Brackishwater Station, Paikgacha, Khulna-9280

Abstract: This study describes a first and complete morphometric and meristic characteristics of Scatophagus argus from mangrove river Chuna, south-west coast Bangladesh. Altogether 85 specimens were collected periodically during July 2020 to June 2021 ranging from 10.40-20.20 cm in total length (TL) and 85.20-260.54 g in body weight (BW) applying locally used fishing gears. For each individual fourteen distinguished morphometric lengths were evaluated and body weight (BW) was measured accordingly. The examined fin formula was: D. XI-XII/15; P1. 18; P2. I/5; A. IV/12-14; C. 14. Majority (79%) of the length-weight relationships (LWRs) were highly significant (P < 0.01) with r² ranging from 0.71 to 0.84. Off the LWRs equations, BW = 0.6290*(TL) 1.98 was the well expressed model depending on the largeness of r² value. The relationship exposed that the value of slope (b) was enormously below 3, because of the deep and vigorously compressed body. Alternately, TL vs. SL of length-length relationships (LLRs) was the precise model among ten equations considering the magnitude of r² values. Additionally, TL vs. SL showed the most strongly significant (P <0.01) interrelationship in correlation matrix. These data will facilitate in species identification and similarly assessment of stock/biomass, conservation and sustainable management of S. argus in mangrove river Chuna and other ecosystems of various geographic region.

Keywords: morphometric, meristic, scatophagus argus, mangrove, chuna river

Received January 03, 2022; Revised February 05, 2022; Accepted February 11, 2022

Citation: Mizanur Rahman Washim, AKM Shafiqul Alam Rubel, Md. Latiful Islam, Morphometric and Meristic Traits of Spotted Scat Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) a Mangrove Fish from South-west Coast of Bangladesh. Journal of Aquatic Science, 6 (1). 1-7. January 2022. doi:10.12691/jas-6-1-1

1. Introduction

The spotted scat Scatophagus argus belongs to the family of Scatophagidae (Order: Perciformes) is a euryhaline teleost fish species in nature which is found across the world [1,2] and in mangrove ecosystem of Bangladeshi south-west coast. It is locally known as ʺChitraʺ and somewhere called ʺBistaraʺ in Bangladesh. This species is extensively inhabited throughout the near shore territory of Indo-Pacific ocean [3] encompassing especially in the southern coastal waters of India, and Sri Lanka to southern Japan and Tahiti [4]. Its appearance has also been documented from the southern Kuril Islands, Russia, the Malay Archipelago, Philippines, China, and Australia [5,6,7,8,9].

Owing to its attractive ornamentation, this species has become a representative candidate fish in aquaria [10]. It is a superior food fish in Southeast Asia [11,12] due to its good quality nutrients with large amount of protein [13] and palatability [14]. Practical experience suggests that, comparing to past, this fish is gradually declining in the coastal habitat of Bangladesh including mangrove fetched ecosystem of Sundarban. Anthropogenic interventions i.e. habitat destruction, destructive and IUU (Illegal, Unregulated & Unreported) fishing and pollution are the main cause of this hazard. More importantly, based on the conservation status of IUCN [15], this species is categorized as least concern in the coastal waters of Bangladesh and worldwide.

Morphometric is a phenomenon that ascertains the size and shape by measuring specific traits, such as standard length or wet weight, which can be calibrated as a length, mass, angle or a ratio of other measures [16,17]. Meristic is a numerable character, such as number of gill rakers, scales or number of dorsal fin spines. Morphometric and meristic traits are frequently used tools for taxonomic classification of species even up to sub-species level and ground-truthing genetic analyses with phenotypic traits [16,18,19]. More importantly, in the field of fisheries science, morphological index plays a pivotal role in assessing life history, ontogenic changes, habitat peculiarities and well-being of individuals from distinct populations [20,21].

There is scanty information on the complete and details morphometric and meristic features of S. argus around the world except an incomplete report by Kottelat [22]. Additionally, till date no study has been carried out regarding this topics in coastal transboundary of Bangladesh. Therefore, we attempted to investigate a first complete morphometric and meristic characteristics of S. argus residents of the River Chuna flowing through Sundarban mangrove forest of south-west (SW) Bangladesh.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Location and Duration

The study was carried out in 2 viable site of River Chuna (Latitude: 22°26’N; Longitude: 89°19’E and Latitude: 22°26’N; Longitude: 89°20’E) sweeping across the landmass of Sundarban mangrove forest situated in the vicinity of Shyamnagar a sub-district of Satkhira district, Bangladesh (Figure 1) from July 2020 to June 2021.

2.2. Sampling and Specimen Collection

A sum of 85 specimens of S. argus was collected from the fisherman entrapped with cast net, gill net, shore seines and seine net fortnightly from two feasible site of Chuna river. The fish was identified by comparing the narrative of Talwar and Kacker [23]. The freshly collected samples were promptly brought to the Fish Biology Laboratory, Brackishwater Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Paikgacha, Khulna-9280 then subjected for the further investigation.

2.3. Measurement of Body and Data Analysis

The morphometric and meristic characteristics were examined following the standard method suggested by [24]. The number of fin rays were calculated with a magnifying glass. Individual body weight was measured using an electric balance having 0.01 g of accuracy. Several linear extents such as total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL), predorsal length (PrDL), pectoral fin base length (PecFBL) etc. were delineated by measuring board to the closest of 0.01 cm precision [25] (Figure 2-a). The relationships between length and weight were enumerated with this equation:

Where, W is constituting body weight (g) and L representing various lengths (e.g., TL, SL etc.) in cm.

The linear regression analysis with natural logarithmic expression: (W) = ln(a) + b ln(L) was conducted for estimating the regression parameters a and b [9]. Additionally, 95 % confidence limit (CL) of a, b and the coefficient of determination (r²) were calculated. More strikingly, a t-test was performed to authenticate the inconsistency of b values found in the linear regressions [26]. The best desirable fitted model for both LWRs and LLRs were confirmed by the highest value of r². All the statistical analyses were accomplished with SPSS version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016 tool attributing a 5% level of significance.

Figure 1. Sampling spot in River Chuna flowing through Sundarban mangrove forest and Shyamnagar sub-district of Satkhira district

Figure 2. (a) Morphometric measurements of S. argus (Linnaeus, 1766); (b) Image of S. argus captured from south-west coastal river of Bangladesh

3. Results

The body outline of S. argus is somewhat squarish and strongly compressed in appearance. The eye is slightly larger in size and its width pretty shorter compare to snout length. Mouth notably small, horizontal, not protrusible belonging villiform tiny teeth, tricuspid and several in bands on the jaws. Spinous and soft parts of the dorsal fin are isolated by a deep notch. Dorsal fin with XI-XII spines and 16 to 18 soft rays. Anal fin has IV spines and 12 to 14 soft rays. Pectoral fins hold 18 rays. Pelvic fins are decoded with I spine and 5 soft rays. In juveniles caudal fin are from rounded to truncate or slightly emarginated. Body is covered with little ctenoid scales and lateral line fixing with 115-120 scales. Body colour decorative as bluish or greenish-grey to dusky brown above, with numerous irregular large round blackish brown spots which sometimes propagate over soft dorsal fin: belly silvery. Fins colour varies from pink, yellowish to brown-grey (Figure 2-b). The descriptive statistics for length and weight measurements of S. argus are presented in Table 2.

The observed fin formula for S. argus is: dorsal, D. XI-XII/15; pectoral, P1. 18; pelvic, P2. I/5; anal, A. IV/12-14; caudal, C. 14 (Table 1 and Figure 3). The recorded TL was roughly varied from 10.40-20.20 cm (mean±SD = 17.38±1.76) and the BW from 85.20-260.54 g (161.63±45.88) (Table 2). The negative allometric growth (b< 3.00, P< 0.01) was remarked by allometric coefficient (b) value. A strongly significant (P< 0.01) relation was found among all the LWRs, with all r² values ranging from 0.623 to 0.847 are illustrated in Table 3. On the other hand, the LLRs (10 relationships) as well as the computed parameters and the coefficient of determination (r²) are given in Table 4. The length-length relationships with total length (TL) among the nonidentical body lengths were found remarkably significant (P< 0.01) with r² ≥ 0.651. The majority of interrelationships among the each length dimension were also found highly significant (P < 0.01) with all “r²” values between 0.577 > and 0.933< (Table 5) except the relationship of HL vs. PrAnL; HL vs. PoAnL; PrDL vs. PoDL; PrDL vs. PecL; PrDL vs. PoAnL; CFBL vs. PrDL; CFBL vs. PoAnL; PoDL vs. PecL, PelL, PrAnL & PoAnL and PecL vs. PelL.

Table 1. Meristic counts of (S. argus) harvested from the southwest coastal river

Figure 3. Different fins of S. argus (a) Pectoral; (b) Pelvic; (c) Anal; (d) Caudal and (e) Dorsal

Table 2. Morphometric records of the S. argus (n = 85) captured from the SW mangrove ecosystem (Chuna river), Bangladesh

Table 3. Length-weight relationship parameters of S. argus (n=85) captured from SW mangrove river (Chuna), Bangladesh

Table 4. Length-length relationship (y = a + b × x) parameters of S. argus (n=85) caught from SW mangrove coastal river (Chuna), Bangladesh

Table 5. Correlation matrix (values of r²) of different body length of S. argus (n=85) caught from SW mangrove coastal river (Chuna), Bangladesh

4. Discussion

The current study dispensing a complete and maiden in-depth documentation on morphometric (LWRs and LLRs) and meristic characteristics of S. argus from the mangrove River Chuna, South-western coast of Bangladesh. The inspected fin formula for S. argus was dorsal, D. XI-XII/15; pectoral, P1. 18; pelvic, P2. I/5; anal, A. IV/12-14 and caudal, C. 14 which is nearly correspondent with observation of Kottelat [22] and [27]. In parallel, the observed fin formula partially coincided with the research findings of Tyler and Sorbini [28].

An aggregate of 83 specimens consisting of diverse body size were investigated for this study (10.40-20.25 cm). However, during the sample collection, there were no S. argus smaller than 10.40 cm TL which might be associated due to the lower market price of miniature fishes the fishers reluctance to seize the little sizes or owing to the specificity of fishing gears [18,29].

The highest recorded TL was 20.25 cm, which is closely analogous with S. argus residing in river Bhairab, Bagerhat; river Shibsha, Paikgacha, Khulna and Kholpetua river (TL=17.78), Shyamnagar, Satkhira [30]. In point of fact, maximum TL is a favorable mode for determining the asymptotic length, growth parameters, and by that vital in planning strategy, and imposing management law for corresponding fisheries resources [31].

The allometric coefficient value (BW vs TL: b=1.98) implying that, the growth pattern of the sampled fish of this study was negative allometric. The power regression parameter b values generated from LWRs ranged between 1.52 and 1.85 revealing negative allometric growth categories of S. argus dwelling in the mangrove River Chuna, south-west Bangladesh and also indicating fish turn more slender and rounder as length increases.

The slopes (b) of the regressions in this study were much lesser than 3 was due to the deep, strongly laterally compressed body of spotted scat as narrated by Vaitheeswaran and Venkataramani [32] in Odonus niger; Wassef and Abdul-Hadry [33] in Siganus canaliculatus. An identical growth type were investigated with the same species inhabiting in different geographic location of [30] Bangladesh, India [34] and Gelang Patah, Malaysia [35]. In another study by Ain and Farooq [27] where they showed a positive allometric growth (b>3) for juvenile and adult fishes whereas, growth pattern was negative allometric (b<3) in combined samples of Scatophagus argus captured from West Wharf and Korangi Creek, Pakistan. It can be explained by the result of Jisr et al. [36], where a significantly different ˈbˈ values were obtained from three marine fish species, i.e. i) Liza ramada, ii) Oblada melanura and iii) Epinephelus costae when sampled from two separate seasons of the year. Again, the alteration in growth type is not restricted in the living habitat of aquatic organism, which could be related to distinction in geographical location, environment, seasonality, disease outbreak, overcrowding, sexual maturity, the preservation methods, availability of food and phenotype of the species [26,37-41].

The regression coefficient (r²) values of LLRs showed that the relation of TL with SL, HL, BD, CFBL, PrDL, PoDL and PecL are highly significant (r2 >0.7) while the correlation of TL with PelL, PrAnL and PoAnL were moderately significant (r2 >0.5). The values of the equations unambiguously showed that the lengths of the body parts are proportional to the TL which is in agreement with Tandon et al. [42]. Among 55 interrelationships of the multiple correlation analysis of different body lengths, 33 had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation and 10 relationships were moderate conveying r² values ranged from 0.711 to 0.933 and 0.514 to 0.698.

The findings of this study explicitly promotes a footstep of biological information on S. argus, which would serve as a groundwork for developing sustainable management and conservation strategies of this important population dwelling in the River Chuna, a mangrove flushed ecosystem as well as comparative population studies in other geographic existence.

5. Conclusion

This study investigated a first and details morphometric and meristic features of S. argus, thereby administering necessary baseline information that could be used in the studies of systematic taxonomy, ontogeny and comparative studies with other population of surrounding ecosystem. The data observed in this study will certainly facilitate in monitoring the species status in the south-west coastal regions of Bangladesh as a bid to develop policies for efficient management and conservation measures for the populations in future.

Ethical Clearance

No lab-related experiment was undertaken in this study. As a result, it was unnecessary to take ethical approval.

Conflict of Interest

The authors are agreed with the declaration that, they have no conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

MRW, AKMSAR and MLI: Together planned and designed the concept; MRW and AKMSAR: Collected sample and analyzed the data; MRW, AKMSAR & MLI were involved in writing, editing and reviewing the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like express their sincere gratitude to the Director General of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute for financial support to carry out this study which was the partial work of the core research project entitled “Cataloging coastal fisheries resources of Bangladesh using DNA barcoding” (Project ID:BFRI/BS/04).

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