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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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What Is the Origin of Decomposer Species

Alen J Salerian

Modern Psychiatry, Vavrona, 19016 Greece

Abstract: • Decomposition processes of the mammalian corpses follow a predicted sequence and represent normal physiology of mammalian death. Decomposition contributes to nutrient recycling, energy flow and limiting biomass accumulation. • Decomposer species are always present upon death and emerge in diverse environments i.e. soil, sterile soil ,water, concrete basements etc. • Decomposer species may result from the microevolution of gut bacteria consistent with the observation that they have greater functional capacity and cellular complexity than gut bacteria and can survive in ammonium rich environment. • Decomposer species may represent the first demonstration of microevolution of microorganisms.

Keywords: decomposer species, microevolution, mammalian death, endogenous

Received February 01, 2020; Revised March 02, 2020; Accepted March 16, 2020

Citation: Alen J Salerian, What Is the Origin of Decomposer Species. Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 8 (1). 6-7. January 2020. doi:10.12691/jaem-8-1-2

1. Introduction

Decomposition of the mammalian corpses creates a giant factory of microorganisms which convert proteins and lipids into foul smelling compounds (cadaverine, putrescine and ammonia) and contributes to nutrient recycling, energy flow, and limiting biomass accumulation.

The exact origin of microbial decomposer community remains unknown.

In this correspondence I review the literature on the origin of the decomposer species.

I investigate whether they are endogenous for our knowledge of the origin of decomposer species may help us understand the pathways involved in human degenerative disorders and may have clinical implications for burn wound and opportunistic infections.

2. Decomposer Species

When a mammal dies internal bacteria begin to grow before the rupture in the skin that allows air, microbes, and insects to enter, and bodily fluids to exit. A carcass releases large amounts of nitrogen mostly in the form of ammonia, as well as carbon, phosphorous, and other nutrients important for life and becomes a giant source of nutrients, and water [1].

Noteworthy has been the observation that the process of decomposition follows a predicted sequence and the microbial communities change significantly during decomposition [1,2]. Predicted functions of bacterial communities increase in relative abundance of genes for amino acid degradation and subsequent ammonia production [1]. It has been observed that the microbial decomposer community may emerge from multiple environments in which the decomposer organisms are often rare before decomposition begins [1]. The spectacular decomposer overgrowth in contrast to low abundance in nature seems to be paradoxical.

Of significance, It has been shown that vertebrate decomposition Is accelerated by soil microbes, yet it also occurs on sterile soil as mice placed on soil with intact microbial communities reach advanced stages of decomposition 2 to 3 times faster than those placed on sterile soil [3].

Metcalf and colleagues investigated the decomposition of mammalian corpses and observed predicted increases in genes related to nitrogen cycling and amino acid degradation including those required for the breakdown of lysine and arginine into the foul-smelling decomposition byproducts cadaverine and putrescine [1]. They also observed that ammonia rich fluids promote the growth of microorganisms with increased capacity for nitrogen cycling [1]. Bacterial communities increased in relative abundance of genes for amino acid degradation and subsequent ammonia production [1].

A study of underwater decomposition of pig limbs enclosed in double plastic bags for 71 days revealed evidence of decomposition; [4]. The decomposition process underwater in plastic bags consistent with the presence of the decomposer microbes support the possibility of their endogenous origin and makes it unlikely that the decomposers were imported species.

It has been proposed that the decomposer microorganisms may originate from soil. Yet this hypothesis suffers from major flaws: the decomposers emerge anywhere regardless of their environment. They have been found inside concrete structures [5,6] buried in earth [7]. In addition, the nature or type of soil makes no difference in their emergence [1] and they also emerge in sterile soil [3]; thus, it is reasonable to conclude that they evolve from the host bacteria, are endogenous and not foreign invaders.

3. Discussion

Diverse and converging evidence suggest the decomposer species are endogenous and they may evolve from the host bacteria.

Scavenger microbes contain genetic features endowed with an acquired capacity for nitrogen cycling and tolerance for survival without any genetic signs of increased nitrification rates. This seems to reflect a Darwinian observation: “death or life “conditions produce the decomposers capable to tolerate, consume and survive ammonia rich environments without getting distracted by less important earthly matters such as nitrification. In essence decomposer species may represent the first demonstration of evolution of microorganisms. The decomposer species may help us understand the pathways involved in the degenerative processes of human disorders and may have clinical implications for burn wound and opportunistic infections.

Acknowledgements

The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered.

Ethics approval

Not applicable because this study does not include human subjects or animals.

Conflict of interest

I confirm that I have no conflict of interest in the publication of my manuscript.

Consent for Publication

I authorize translational medicine to publish my article.

Availability of Data

Not applicable

Funding

I confirm that I have not received any funds.

References

[1]   | Metcalf J A, et al .2016; Microbial community assembly and metabolic function during mammalian corpse decomposition. Science: Vol. 351, Issue 6269, pp. 158-162.
[2]   | Melvin, J., Cronholm, L., Simson, L., and Isaacs, A., 1984, Bacterial Transmigration as an Indicator of Time of Death. Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 412-417.
[3]   | Lauber CL, Metcalf JL, Keepers K, Ackermann G, Carter DO, Knight R. (2014). Vertebrate Decomposition Is Accelerated by Soil Microbes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (16) 4920-4929.
[4]   | Pakosh C M, Rogers T L, 2009, Soft tissue decomposition of submerged dismembered pig limbs enclosed in plastic bags. Journal of Forensic Sciences. Volume 54, issue 6.
[5]   | Dressler J, Burkhard M, 2005. Dumping of victims in walls. The American Journal of forensic medicine and pathology. Volume 26 issue 3, Pages 250-253.
[6]   | Preuh J, Strehler, Dressler J, Anders S, Madea B, 2006, Dumping after homicide using setting in concrete and or ceiling with breaks. Forensic Science International, volume 159 issue one.
[7]   | Budak A M, 1985, Experiences in the Process of Putrefaction in Corpses Buried in Earth. Medicine, Science and the Law, Volume: 5 issue: 1, page(s): 40-43.