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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

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Mathematical Framework for Evaluating Mutual Coupling in MIMO Antennas Across Different Sizes, and Frequencies with Design of a Wearable Antenna on Jeans Substrate

Nassrin Ibrahim Mohamed Elamin, Mohammed Gronfula*

Department of Engineering, Alasala Collages, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Recently, MIMO technology has emerged as a crucial component in wireless communication systems, enhancing data rates and channel capacity. Wearable antennas, designed to function while being worn, represent a new generation of clothing that can sense, process, and communicate data. In this paper, a new evaluation method is introduced to assess MIMO antenna system isolation, taking into account mutual coupling, antenna size, and operating frequency. Additionally, a flexible 2-element 3.5 GHz microstrip MIMO antenna system on a jeans substrate is simulated using CST Microwave Studio software and fabricated. Despite the jeans material being an insulator, the antenna achieves a frequency coverage of 3.5 GHz with a VSWR of less than 2.5 (-6 dB) and a gain of 7.35 dB. The MIMO system exhibits high isolation of -34 dB, outperforming expectations given the λ/2 distance between elements. The use of jeans as a substrate results in a flexible, lightweight antenna that matches the 3.5 GHz frequency with high gain and isolation, despite being an unconventional material compared to traditional FR-4 substrates. a new evaluation method is introduced to assess MIMO antenna system isolation, taking into account mutual coupling, antenna size, and operating frequency.

Keywords: MIMO, Wearable Antenna, Microstrip, Jeans Substrate

Received August 13, 2025; Revised September 15, 2025; Accepted September 23, 2025

Citation: Nassrin Ibrahim Mohamed Elamin, Mohammed Gronfula, Mathematical Framework for Evaluating Mutual Coupling in MIMO Antennas Across Different Sizes, and Frequencies with Design of a Wearable Antenna on Jeans Substrate. International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System, 9 (1). 1-5. January 2025. doi:10.12691/iteces-9-1-1

1. Introduction

Multiple data streams simultaneously, thereby enhancing the overall throughput and reliability of wireless links. This spatial multiplexing technique allows for significant improvements in spectral efficiency and communication range, particularly in environments with rich multipath propagation [1]. Furthermore, MIMO systems can leverage diversity combining to mitigate fading effects and improve signal-to-noise ratio, ensuring more robust communication channels even under challenging conditions [2]. The advancement of 5G systems further emphasizes the importance of MIMO technology due to its ability to facilitate high-speed data rates, enhanced bandwidth, and reduced latencies [3]. This is particularly crucial for emerging applications such as the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, and real-time cloud services, all of which demand robust and high-capacity wireless connectivity [4]. The integration of multiple antennas within compact devices, however, introduces challenges like mutual coupling, which necessitates advanced isolation techniques for optimal performance [5]. The pursuit of enhanced isolation is critical for realizing the full potential of MIMO systems, especially in compact and wearable antenna designs, where physical separation between elements is limited [6,7]. This miniaturization trend, coupled with the growing demand for flexible and wearable electronic devices, has propelled research into non-conventional substrate materials and antenna configurations to maintain performance despite these constraints [8,9]. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel 2-element microstrip MIMO antenna system on a jeans substrate, specifically engineered for wearable technology applications [10]. This design aims to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving high gain and isolation on a flexible, textile-based substrate, which is essential for integrating communication systems directly into clothing without compromising performance.

A simple micro-strip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on its other side, and it is suitable for body-worn applications because it mainly radiates perpendicularly to the planar structure and the ground plane efficiently shields the body tissues. It is most suitable for integration into clothing because of its various advantages such as low volume, low profile planar configuration, low cost, light weight and almost maintenance free installation but it has a limitation of narrow bandwidth [11]. Presently, a novel that concise the both element of MIMO antenna system is proposed of improved isolation and it resonates at 3.55 GHz. Designed antenna consist of two element array which reduces mutual coupling between the antenna elements due to its structural design and obtained a mutual coupling of –34 dB. Section 2 presents the proposed antenna geometry while Section 3 describes the design of 2×2 MIMO antenna system.

2. Isolation

Potential isolation techniques must be examined to improve the reduction of mutual coupling between antennas and later been employed in our antennas design for the WLAN MIMO application card, and restricted studies must be performed for each cases due to completeness purpose. [12,13,14,15,16] [17,18,19,20,21,22]. To mitigate mutual coupling between MIMO antenna elements, an isolation method is necessary when the distance D between elements is less than 0.5λ, where λ is the operating wavelength. The area (A) of the MIMO antenna system is a crucial factor and can be used to evaluate the design's isolation effectiveness. The relationship between D and A can be expressed as:

[picture] | (1)

where '2a' represents the combined length of the symmetric MIMO antenna elements. A separation distance of:

[picture] | (2)

is considered the worst-case scenario for isolation [23,24]. As illustrated in Figure 1, the antenna positioning zone 26 Z₂₆ (0.029, 0.98) indicates high isolation between elements while maintaining a compact size.

Figure 1. The proposed antenna zone is Z₂₆ (0.029, 0.98)

When designing a multiple antenna system, it's crucial to consider antenna isolation, as mutual coupling between antennas can increase port correlation and reduce radiation efficiency, ultimately compromising diversity gain. To achieve high diversity gain, it's essential to minimize correlation between antenna ports. The complex cross-correlation between two signals can be quantified using the mutual coupling between ports [25]. Furthermore, poor isolation between antennas can significantly decrease both capacity and efficiency [26].

3. Antenna Design Steps

In order to identify and verify the improvement for rectangular structure in microstrip antenna, the conventional microstrip antenna design method is used. Designing the patch antenna is to employ the following formulas as an outline for the design procedures [27,28,29,30].

3.1. The Width (W)

[picture] | (3)

Where:

c - Free space velocity of light, 3 x 108 m/s

fr - frequency of operation

εr - dielectric constant

3.2. Effective Dielectric constant (εr eff)

[picture] | (4)

Where;

εr - dielectric constant

h - Height of dielectric substrate

W - Width of the patch

3.3. Effective Length (Leff)

[picture] | (5)

Where

c - free space velocity of light, 3 x 108 m/s

fr - frequency of operation

εr eff - Effective dielectric constant

3.4. Patch Length extension (∆L)

[picture] | (6)

3.5. Actual Length of patch (L)

[picture] | (7)

Jeans material has a very low dielectric constant, so that it reduces the surface wave losses and improves the impedance bandwidth of the antenna [12], contrary to the FR-4 substrate, this substrate has a good dielectric that can be observed but not flexible. In this work, we want to obtain a flexible antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna structure is designed as shown in Figure 5. The conductive surfaces and the ground plane of the designed antennas are made out of copper tape with a thickness of T=0.03mm. The simulations were carried out using CST Microwave Studio software and the fabric antennas characteristics were studied. Figure1 below demonstrates CST Model of antenna designs presented in this manuscript showing that the designs of those antennas have been conducted in airspace.

A 50 ohm microstrip feed line was provided for the antenna feed. The antenna is designed to operate at a resonant frequency of 3.55 GHz. The radiation element has a partial ground plane size of 120 mm x 60mm. In addition the jeans substrate has dimensions of 120 mm × 60 mm, with thickness H=3mm, and permittivity εr= 1.59. A good impedance matching can be achieved by optimizing the antenna’s parameters through the operating band, for WLAN and LTE band 3.55 GHz applications. The proposed MIMO antenna’s dimensions are shown in Table 1.

Figure 2. The antenna view of Wearable 2-elements MIMO antenna System

Figure 3. Back view of Wearable 2-elements MIMO antenna System

Table 1. the proposed antenna dimensions (unit: mm)

4. Simulation Results

The simulation results depicted in Figure 3 shows that a good isolation higher than -34 dB has been achieved, and that the MIMO antenna system covers WLAN 3.55 GHz application bands under 2.5 VSWR (-6 dB). The simulated return loss and mutual coupling, obtained by using CST Microwave Studio Software, are shown in figure 3. The 3D measured radiation patterns of the 2-elememts at frequency of 3.5GHz are shown in figure 6. So, the gain was a value of 7.38 dB and the directivity was 8.34 dB and good flexible and light weights were observed over the antenna.

Figure 4. S-parameters of Wearable 2-elements MIMO antenna System

Figure 5. Gain of Wearable 2-elements MIMO antenna System

5. Antenna fabrication

A compact printed planar 2-element MIMO antenna system with good isolation is presented in this path. The antenna is composed of two patch elements as shown in Figure 6. The good isolation achieved, despite the fact that tow antenna elements are printed on a compact MIMO system, is attributable to the three concepts used in the MIMO system design as earlier mentioned. Note that the antenna spacing is less than λ/2 where λ is the free space wavelength at 3.5 GHz.

Figure 6. Prototype back view of fabricated 2-element MIMO antenna system

6. Conclusion

This study introduces a pioneering evaluation method for assessing the isolation performance of MIMO antenna systems, taking into account mutual coupling, antenna size, and operating frequency. A novel wearable 2-element microstrip MIMO antenna system is designed on a jeans substrate, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna achieves a notable gain of 7.35 dB and a VSWR of 2.5 (-6 dB), attributed to the low dielectric constant of the jeans material. The S-parameters exhibit high isolation between the two elements, with a remarkable value of -34 dB, despite a relatively small distance (λ/2) between them. The antenna's flexible and lightweight design makes it an excellent candidate for wearable applications. This research highlights the potential of utilizing jeans substrate for wearable MIMO antenna design and presents a new approach for evaluating MIMO antenna isolation.

References

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