@article{iscf2015313,
author={{Tamura, Shinsuke and Haddad, Hazim A.},
title={Development of Self-Issuable (Divisible and Transferable) Offline Electronic Cash},
journal={Information Security and Computer Fraud},
volume={3},
number={1},
pages={15--24},
year={2015},
url={http://pubs.sciepub.com/iscf/3/1/3},
issn={2376-9629},
abstract={Based on anonymous tag based credentials and linear Mix-nets, this paper develops a scheme for e-cash systems that can be used in offline environments. The developed scheme makes e-cash holders anonymous while disabling them to use e-cash dishonestly. It also makes e-cash divisible and transferable. In detail, although no one except cash holders themselves can know correspondences between them and their e-cash, e-cash issuing authority can identify dishonest cash holders that had generated and/or spent e-cash illegitimately. In addition, cash holders can generate new e-cash of arbitrary values from their holding e-cash to make purchases of amounts less than original cash values. Also, cash holders can use e-cash that they had received from others as same as the one directly issued to them from the issuing authority.},
doi={10.12691/iscf-3-1-3}
publisher={Science and Education Publishing}
}