Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Existence and Uniqueness of a Chemotaxis System Influenced by Cancer Cells

Gang Li, Hui Min Hu, Xi Chen, Fei Da Jiang*

College of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Abstract: We present a mathematical analysis of a reaction-diffusion model in a bounded open domain which describes vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), endothelial cells and oxygen. We use the parabolic theory to prove the existence of the solution in the function space under the homogeneous Neumann conditions. Then we get the existence of nonnegative solution in by using the global Schauder estimation.

Keywords: existence and uniqueness, parabolic system, chemotaxis system influenced by cancer

Received 04, 2020; Revised February 13, 2020; Accepted March 04, 2020

Citation: Gang Li, Hui Min Hu, Xi Chen, Fei Da Jiang, Existence and Uniqueness of a Chemotaxis System Influenced by Cancer Cells. International Journal of Partial Differential Equations and Applications, 7 (1). 1-7. January 2020. doi:10.12691/ijpdea-7-1-1

1. Introduction

Angiogenesis is a physiological process, which involves the formation of new capillary network germinated from the existing vascular network, and plays an important role in embryo development, wound healing and tumor growth. For example, it has been recognized that the growth of capillaries through blood vessels leads to the vascularization of tumors, which provides the tumor with its own dedicated blood supply, thus allowing rapid growth and metastasis of tumors. In the past decade, a lot of work has been done on the mathematical model of tumor growth; for example, see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and the references therein. In particular, the role of angiogenesis in tumor growth has also attracted wide attention, see [8,9,10,11,12] and the cited literature.

This paper is concerned with the chemotaxis system which has been proposed in [13] as a modification of the angiogenesis model, in order to describe how cancer cells affect vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial cells and oxygen in angiogenesis. Let be an open and bounded domain, and denote and In this paper, we study the following chemotaxis system

[picture] | (1.1)

where is the derivative in the outward normal direction on and is the unit outer normal vector field on is the cancer cell density, is VEGF density, is the number of endothelial cells, and is oxygen, are positive constants denoting the growth rate and the death rate, respectively.

In the mathematical modeling of self-organization of living cells, the Keller-Segel system of partial differential equations, has played an increasingly important role in the last decades. It is used to describe the overall behavior of a collection of cells under the influence of chemotaxis. Under such circumstances, the movement of each individual cell, though still not precisely predictable, follows a favorite direction, namely that towards higher concentrations of a certain chemical signal substance, see [2]. The first equation in (1.1) represents the hypothesis that the model depends on the growth of cancer cells. The second equation in (1.1) thus reflects the interplay of undirected diffusion movement on the hand and chemotactical movement driven by on the other. The third equation in (1.1) expresses the hypothesis that oxygen is produced by endothelial cells in addition to diffusion.

VEGF is an important regulatory specific factor for endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and in physiolo-gical and pathological angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are the cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, they ensure that blood does not leak out, and if damage occurs, they respond by secreting proteins, signaling for help to other cells. VEGF, when combined with two receptors KDR and Flt-1 on endothelial cells with high affinity, can directly stimulate the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, induce their migration and form lumen like structure, and finally promote the new blood vessels which can provide extra oxygen and other nutrients to tumor through the induction of interstitial production, see [13].

In the past two decades, a large number of mathematical models describing tumor invasion have been developed from different aspects, see [1,2]. In addition, the model is completely based on the reaction diffusion equation, and the core of these models assumes the convergence mechanism of the tactility, which means that the attractants are non-proliferation. The analysis results of this kind of approach system essentially include the evolution problems of some memory types, such as subsystems, which are still quite fragmentary up to now, mainly concentrated on these systems, see [3,4].

In this paper, we assume that satisfies the following problem

[picture] | (1.2)

In [13], the original problem is a system of and But the equation of in (1.2) has only its own growth and death, and has no connection with any other cell. Hence, in this paper, is a known solution obtained from the initial condition of C. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to get clear how does the known solution of affect and

The literature [14] shows that this chemotaxis cross diffusion may also have a strong destabilizing effect: for example, the Keller-Segel system

[picture] | (1.3)

is widely considered as the prototype model of chemical attraction process, and its solution is known to be global and bounded. In (1.3) substances secreted by cells immediately induce chemotaxis, while in (1.1), such chemicals only produce indirect chemotaxis by stimulating signals. Based on a good initial boundary value of this paper aims to clarify how affects other vascular endothelial growth factors endothelial cells and oxygen and to what extent this indirect chemotactic can enhance the regularity and boundedness of the solution.

Problem (1.1) will be studied in the standard functional spaces denoted by

and

For is used to represent the linear space composed of all functions u in satisfying

For is used to represent the linear space composed of all functions u in satisfying

and the norm is defined as

where

is a sphere about with X as the center and r as the radius, is the parabolic distance.

Before stating our main theorem, we present some technical hypotheses that will be assumed through out this article:

(H1) is a bounded domain; and

(H2) satisfying on ;

(H3)

(H4)

Theorem 1.1. Let be positive constants, assume that (H1)-(H3) hold, then for there exists a unique solution of the problem (1.1). Furthermore, the following results hold:

(1) Assume that and (H3) is replaced by (H4), then there exists a unique classical solution of the problem (1.1).

(2) If , then .

In Theorem 1.1, for the sake of simplicity, we use , and to denote the functions spaces

and

respectively.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we show some theorems, definitions and Schauder estimate theorem, which will be used in later sections. In Section 3, we prove the existence, uniqueness and the estimates of nonnegative solutions and use the global Schauder estimation in Theorem 2.4 to get the solution

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we present some definitions, theorems and the global Schauder estimation in [15]. These definitions, estimates and theorems will be used in the next sections.

For ease of reference, we give the following embedding results for Sobolev space of type The first one is a consequence of Theorem 5.4 in [16]. The second one is a particular case of Theorem 3.3 in [17] by taking and

Theorem 2.1. Suppose that satisfies the cone property and The following continuous embeddings hold:

(1) for all if

(2) If then for all

(3) If then for all

(4) If then

Theorem 2.2. Let be a domain of with boundary satisfying the cone property. Then the functional space is continuously embedded in for satisfying any one of the following conditions:

(i) if

(ii) if

(iii) if

In particular, for such and any function we have that

where is a constant depending only on and n.

In the cases (ii), (iii) or in (i) when the embeddings mentioned above are compact.

Then, we consider the following general and simple parabolic initial-boundary value problem

[picture] | (2.1)

Existence and uniqueness of solutions for problem (2.1) is a particular case of Theorem 9.1 in [17] for the case of Neumann boundary condition, (see also the remarks at the end of Section 9 in [17]). In the following, we state this particular result, stressing the dependencies on certain norms of the coefficients, which will be used in our later arguments.

Theorem 2.3. Let be a bounded domain in with a boundary be bounded continuous functions in and Assume that

(1) is a real positive matrix such that for some positive constant we have for all and all

(2)

(3) with either r=max(p, n+2) if or for any if p=n+2;

(4) with either s=max(p, n+2) if or for any , if

(5) and the coefficients satisfy the condition for a.e. in where is the -component of the unitary outer normal vector to in

(6) with and satisfying the compatibility condition on when

Then, there exists a unique solution of the problem (2.1). Moreover, there is a positive Constant such that the solution satisfies the following estimate

[picture] | (2.2)

Such a constant depends only on and on the norms Moreover, we may assume that the dependencies of on stated the norms are nondecreasing.

We use the definitions and theorems in [15] to promote the solution from space to space, which will be used in Section 3.

Definition 2.1. For is used to express the linear space composed of all functions satisfying

on which norm is given

For positive integers and the linear space composed of functions satisfying

in is used as or

Theorem 2.4. Let is a solution of equation (2.1) in and u=0 on Let and satisfy uniform parabolic condition and for if

if on then and satisfy the following estimate

Especially, when the above formula can be written as

where R is depending on n, and

3. Existence and Uniqueness of V, E and W

In this Section, we use Theorem 2.3 to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for and and then use Theorem 2.4 to improve the solutions from to The nonnegativity of and are proved when and respectively. By the regularity of we solve the complexity of the convection term in the proof of nonnegativity of E when

Theorem 3.1. Assume that (H1)-(H3) hold, then the following problem

[picture] | (3.1)

exists a unique solution and if almost everywhere in , then almost everywhere in Moreover, if (H3) is replaced by (H4), there exists solution of problem (3.1).

Proof. Since the coefficients of (3.1) satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3, there exists a unique solution of (3.1) by Theorem 2.3. Moreover, satisfies the following estimate:

[picture] | (3.2)

Multiplying the first equation in (3.1) by and integrating in , we have

Using the fact that , we get

We conclude that for all that is almost everywhere in by using Gronwall’s in-equality and the fact that almost everywhere in Therefore almost everywhere in

Because is a solution of problem (3.1), and , the right coefficients of the first equation in (3.1) are 1, respectively. It follows that . When , from Theorem 2.4, we conclude that

Theorem 3.2. Assume that (H1)-(H3) hold, then the following problem

[picture] | (3.3)

exists a unique solution and if almost everywhere in , then almost everywhere in . Moreover, if (H3) is replaced by (H4), there exists solution of problem (3.3).

Proof. Since the coefficients of (3.3) satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3, there exists a unique solution of (3.3) by Theorem 2.3. Moreover, satisfies the following estimate:

[picture] | (3.4)

Multiplying the first equation in (3.3) by and integra-ting in , we have

Using the fact that , we get

Let , we have

and

From the above inequalities, we get

Let , we have

Hence, by Gronwall’s inequality we get

We conclude that for all that is almost everywhere in By using Gronwall’s inequality and the fact that almost everywhere in Therefore almost everywhere in

Because is a solution of problem (3.3), and the right coefficients of the first equation in (3.3) are 1, re-spectively. It follows that When from Theorem 2.4, we conclude that

Remark 3.1. If the cancer cell density is not smooth enough, then the regularity of will be reduced, and the nonnegativity of can not be proved using the argument in Theorem 3.2.

Theorem 3.3. Assume that (H1)-(H3) hold, then the following problem

[picture] | (3.5)

exists a unique solution and if almost everywhere in , then almost everywhere in Moreover, if (H3) is replaced by (H4), there exists solution of problem (3.5).

Proof. Since the coefficients of (3.5) satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3, there exists a unique solution of (3.5) by Theorem 2.3. Moreover, satisfies the following estimate:

[picture] | (3.6)

Multiplying the first equation in (3.5) by and integrating in, we have

Using the fact that we get

We conclude that for all that is almost everywhere in by using Gronwall’s inequality and the fact that almost everywhere in Therefore almost everywhere in

Because is a solution of problem (3.5), and the right coefficients of the first equation in (3.5) are 1, respectively. It follows that When from Theorem 2.4, we conclude that

We will prove the existence of problem (1.1). The uniqueness of problem (1.1) will be proved by using Young’s inequality and Gronwall’s inequality. Then the main result, Theorem 1.1, readily follows.

Theorem 3.4. Assume that (H1)-(H4) hold, there is a unique nonnegative solution of the problem (1.1).

Proof. From Theorem 3.1, Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.3, we conclude that there exists and and are nonnegative. Let and be solutions to problem (1.1). Setting then and satisfy the following problems, respectively:

[picture] | (3.7)

[picture] | (3.8)

and

[picture] | (3.9)

Multiplying the first equation in by and integrating in , we have

where depends on . Multiplying the first equation in by and integrating in , we have

where depends on . Multiplying the first equation in by and integrating in , we have

where depends on . Thus, we obtain

By Gronwall’s inequality, we get

namely,

for all We then have almost everywhere in and hence almost everywhere in Then the uniqueness assertion is proved.

References

[1]   | A.R.A. Anderson, M.A.J. Chaplain, Continuous and discrete mathematical models of tumor-induced angiogenesis, Bull. Math. Biol., 60(1998), 857-899.
[2]   | N. Bellomo, A. Bellouquid, Y. Tao, M. Winkler, Toward a mathematical theory of Keller-Segel models of pattern formation in biological tissues, Math. Models Methods Appl., 25(2015), 1663-1763.
[3]   | M.A.J. Chaplain, G. Lolas, Mathematical modelling of cancer cell invasion of tissue: the role of the urokinase plasminogen activation system, Math. Models Methods Appl., 18(2005), 1685-1734.
[4]   | M.A.J. Chaplain, G. Lolas, Mathematical modelling of cancer invasion of tissue: dynamic heterogeneity, Net. Hetero. Med., 1(2006), 399-439.
[5]   | Y. Li. K. Lin, C. Mu, Boundedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions to a chemotaxis haptotaxis model in high dimensions, Appl. Math. Lett., 50(2015), 91-97.
[6]   | C. Stinner, C. Surulescu, G. Meral, A multiscale model for pH-tactic invasion with time-varying carrying capacities, IMA J. Appl. Math., 80(2015), 1300-1321.
[7]   | C. Stinner, C. Surulescu, A. Uatay, Global existence for a go-or-grow multiscale model for tumor invasion with therapy, Math. Models Methods Appl., 26(2016), 2163-2201.
[8]   | A.R.A. Anderson, M.A.J. Chaplain, A mathematical model for capillary network formation in the absence of endothelial cell proliferation, Appl. Math. Lett., 11(1998), 109-116.
[9]   | M.A.J. Chaplain, A.M. Stuart, A model mechanism for the chemotactic response of endothelial cells to tumor angiogenesis factor, IMA J. Math. Appl. Med. Biol., 10(1993), 149-168.
[10]   | H.A. Levine, B.D. Sleeman, M. Nilsen-Hamilton, Mathematical modeling of the onset of capillary formation initiating angiogenesis, J. Math. Biol., 42(2001), 195-238.
[11]   | N. Paweletz, M. Knierim, Tumor related angiogenesis, Crit. Rev. Oncal. Hematol., 9(1989), 197-242.
[12]   | B.D. Sleeman, Mathematical modelling of tumor growth and angiogenesis, Adv. in Exp. Med. Bio., 428(1997), 671-677.
[13]   | A. Friedman, Mathematical biology. Modeling and analysis. CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, 127. Published for the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, DC; by the American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2018.
[14]   | E. Keller, L. Segel, Model for chemotaxis, J. Theor. Biol., 30(1970), 225-234.
[15]   | Y.Z. Chen, Second order parabolic partial differential equation(In Chinese), Peking University Press, 2003.
[16]   | R. Adams, Sobolev spaces. New York: Academic press, 1975.
[17]   | O. Ladyzhenskaky, V. Solonnikov, N. Uraltseva, Linear and quasilinear equations of parabolic type, Amer. Math., 1968.
[18]   | A. C. Fassoni, Mathematical modeling in cancer addressing the early stage and treatment of avascular tumors, PhD thesis, University of Campinas, 2016.
[19]   | A. Friedman, Partial differential equations of parabolic type, Prentice-Hall. Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964.